Achilles的馬到底吃甚麼草?
(答案五)
Medicago arborea
moon trefoil, shrub medick, and tree
medick
木本苜蓿 / 月光三葉草
1.也是豆科植物,地中海盆地常見植物。常和細菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)共生。
2. 是苜蓿屬(Medicago)植物,這類植物俗稱「三葉草」(三葉草亦可稱其他車軸草族或幸運草植物)。是一種多年生開花植物。其中最著名的是作為牧草的紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)。是牲畜飼料。這也是認為古代馬吃苜蓿的原因。
Medicago
granadensis
Iliad
2. 768-779
ἀνδρῶν αὖ μέγ᾽ ἄριστος ἔην Τελαμώνιος Αἴας
ὄφρ᾽ Ἀχιλεὺς μήνιεν: ὃ γὰρ πολὺ φέρτατος ἦεν, ἵπποι θ᾽ οἳ φορέεσκον ἀμύμονα Πηλεΐωνα. ἀλλ᾽ ὃ μὲν ἐν νήεσσι κορωνίσι ποντοπόροισι κεῖτ᾽ ἀπομηνίσας Ἀγαμέμνονι ποιμένι λαῶν Ἀτρεΐδῃ: λαοὶ δὲ παρὰ ῥηγμῖνι θαλάσσης δίσκοισιν τέρποντο καὶ αἰγανέῃσιν ἱέντες τόξοισίν θ᾽: ἵπποι δὲ παρ᾽ ἅρμασιν οἷσιν ἕκαστος λωτὸν ἐρεπτόμενοι ἐλεόθρεπτόν τε σέλινον ἕστασαν: ἅρματα δ᾽ εὖ πεπυκασμένα κεῖτο ἀνάκτων ἐν κλισίῃς: οἳ δ᾽ ἀρχὸν ἀρηΐφιλον ποθέοντες φοίτων ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα κατὰ στρατὸν οὐδὲ μάχοντο.
英文翻譯: Of horses best by far were the
mares of the son of Pheres, those that Eumelas drave, swift as birds, [765]
like of coat, like of age, their backs as even as a levelling line could
make. These had Apollo of the silver bow reared in Pereia, both of them
mares, bearing with them the panic of war. And of warriors far best was
Telamonian Aias, while yet Achilles cherished his wrath; for Achilles was far
the mightiest, [770] he and the horses that bare the peerless son of Peleus.
Howbeit he abode amid his beaked, seafaring ships in utter wrath against
Agamemnon, Atreus' son, shepherd of the host; and his people along the
sea-shore took their joy in casting the discus and the javelin, and in
archery; [775] and their horses each beside his own car, eating
lotus and parsley of the marsh, stood idle, while the chariots were set, well covered up, in
the huts of their masters. But the men, longing for their captain, dear to
Ares, roared hither and thither through the camp, and fought not.
|
苜蓿Medicago
sativa
以下介紹引用潘富俊。《中國文學植物學》。台北:貓頭鷹出版, 2011年。
1.(p. 74)
苜蓿原是牛馬飼料,小官生活清苦,只能以苜蓿嫩芽或幼苗佐餐。典出唐代薛令的自傷詩:「朝日上團團,照見先生盤。盤中何所有?苜蓿長闌干。」引申為「苜蓿生涯」、「苜蓿盤空」「苜蓿堆盤」的成語,意思是官小家貧。《儒林外史》第四十八回,余大先生說道:「我們老弟兄要時常屈你來談談,料不嫌我苜蓿風味怠慢你。」也是自謙之詞。
2.(p. 137)
l 江離、江蘺、江籬:按古代通典《博雅》的說法:「苗曰江離,根曰芎藭。」江離指的是芎藭地上部的幼苗,也是古老的名稱。《楚辭》一共有九篇出現芎藭植物,其中有六篇用的是「江離」。唐詩、宋詩及後世詩詞也喜用,如李商隱〈九日〉:「不學漢臣栽苜蓿,空教楚客詠江蘺。」及王禹偁〈幕次閒吟〉:「江籬吟盡鬢成霜,謫宦歸來夢一場。」
3. (p.165)
漢武帝從大宛取得汗血寶馬,同時引進飼料草
苜蓿。苜蓿除供餵食牛馬之外,嫩芽幼葉也能煮食供作菜蔬;也大量使用在農業上當綠肥植物。因此栽植普遍,到處均可採集,且「年年自生,刈苗作蔬,一年可三刈」,常作為菜蔬不足時的應急食物。詩文中多用於表示粗食淡菜,如宋.汪藻〈次韻向君受感秋〉:「且欲相隨苜蓿盤,不須多問沐猴冠。」及劉克莊〈次韻實之〉: 「向來歲月半投閒,莫嘆朝朝苜蓿盤。」
4.(p.185)
《全唐詩》鮑防〈雜感〉則提到「天馬常銜苜蓿花,胡人歲獻葡萄酒」天馬和葡萄酒是唐朝盛世的象徵。
5.(p.214)
從《詩經》到歷代的詩詞及章回小說,可以看出古人常採集的陸生野菜有蔞蒿、蕨、野碗豆、苦菜、薺菜、冬葵、藜、苜蓿、落葵等。這些野菜目前在鄉間仍有採食者。
6.(p.218)
l 苜蓿:原產西域,漢武帝由西域大量引進軍馬,張騫通西域時將苜蓿引進中國,最初當作馬飼料,後來亦充作蔬菜。蘇東坡〈元修菜〉:「張騫移苜蓿,適用如葵菘。」說的就是此事,葵是冬葵,菘是白菜。但苜蓿不是常蔬,只有蔬菜供應不及或貧窮人家才會採食。譬如宋人陳造〈謝兩知縣送鵝酒羊麵〉詩句:「不因同里兼同姓,肯念先生苜蓿盤。」及王炎〈用前韻答黃一翁〉:「細看苜蓿盤,豈減檳榔斛。」兩者都說明「苜蓿」為窮困時的食物或窮人的粗菜。
7.(p.318)
漢代開始,可以徵信的植物引進文獻逐漸增多。《史記》記載張騫通西域,帶回葡萄、胡桃、石榴、苜蓿等植物種子。這是植物引種最直接也最詳實的文獻紀錄。當代的文學作品也適切地反映出來,如東漢蔡邕的〈翠鳥詩〉、張衡的〈南都賦〉等,均已出現石榴記載;葡萄、苜蓿亦在多首漢賦、漢詩出現。
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