Iliad 4.44-47
Ashen spear and Ash
梣樹
木犀科(Oleaceae) 梣屬(Fraxinus )
αἳ γὰρ ὑπ᾽ ἠελίῳ
τε καὶ οὐρανῷ ἀστερόεντι
ναιετάουσι πόληες
ἐπιχθονίων ἀνθρώπων,
τάων μοι περὶ κῆρι
τιέσκετο Ἴλιος ἱρὴ
καὶ Πρίαμος καὶ
λαὸς ἐϋμμελίω Πριάμοιο.
For of all
cities beneath sun and starry heaven in which men reared on the earth
have their
abodes, of these sacred Ilios was most honored in my heart,
and Priam,
and the people of Priam of the good ashen spear.
l Priam所領導的人民,特洛伊人民,有上等的梣木槍 (the good ashen spear)。
l ἐυμμελίης: armed with good ashen
spear,Iliad
4.165會再出現,這詞彙是Priam人民的專用語(epithet)。
Athenian warrior
wielding a spear in battle
l μελία: manna ash,
Fraxinus ornus 梣木,木犀科(Oleaceae)梣屬(Fraxinus ),在古代,常用梣木的上等木頭製作木槍(spear),標槍(javelin) 或長矛(lance)。
l Iliad 13.178, 16.767, 19.390,
22.225多處提到梣木。
l Iliad 5.655, 5.666, 5.695又出現
Odyssey 17. 336-395
ἀγχίμολον δὲ μετ᾽ αὐτὸν ἐδύσετο δώματ᾽ Ὀδυσσεύς,
πτωχῷ λευγαλέῳ ἐναλίγκιος ἠδὲ γέροντι,
σκηπτόμενος: τὰ δὲ λυγρὰ περὶ χροΐ εἵματα ἕστο.
ἷζε δ᾽ ἐπὶ μελίνου οὐδοῦ ἔντοσθε θυράων,
κλινάμενος σταθμῷ κυπαρισσίνῳ, ὅν ποτε τέκτων
ξέσσεν ἐπισταμένως καὶ ἐπὶ στάθμην ἴθυνεν.
Odysseus came into the house behind Eumaeus,
looking like an old and miserable beggar,
leaning on his staff, his body dressed in rags.
He sat on the ash wood threshold in the doorway,
propping his back against a post of cypress wood,
which a
craftsman had once planed with skill
and set in true alignment.
「少小離家老大回」,Odysseus也是離家二十年,這會終於抵達家門,雖然裝扮成老乞丐模樣,手拄著木杖,畢竟是自己的家園,我想他的心情必定是激動不已。門檻是梣木製,還有柏木的門柱,這可是當時請工匠精心設計,柏木,顯然是非常高檔的木料! 梣木也可以作門檻喔!
l μελία,Melia,是古希臘北方樹木的通稱,Melian nymphs (精靈),是梣樹精靈,最古老的民間傳說之一,保護森林裡的動物。
In Greek mythology, the Meliae or Meliai (Greek: Μελίαι or Μελιάδες)
were nymphs of the ash tree, whose name they shared. They
appeared from the drops of blood spilled when Cronus castrated Uranus,
according to Hesiod, Theogony 187.
From the same blood sprang the Erinyes, suggesting that the ash-tree nymphs
represented the Fates in milder guise (Graves 6.4). From the Meliae sprang
the race of mankind of the Age of Bronze.
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l 當梣木開滿白花,似天空濃雲密佈,古代人以為這是暴風雨的前兆。
l 復仇女神Nemesis 手持梣木製的杖(the rod of ash),象徵冷酷無情與毅力不動的意志力。
Nemesis, by Alfred Rethel (1837)
下面圖片出處: Baumann,
Hellmut. The Greek Plant World in Myth, Art and Literature. Trans.
William T. Stearn and Eldwyth Ruth Stearn. Portland: Timber Press, 1993. (p. 66)
l 憤怒復仇三女神(the Erinyes),手持梣木製的棍棒(the cudgels of ash),處罰作惡的人。
l Chiron 送給Thetis 與Peleus的結婚賀禮是梣木樹枝,後來做成長矛,Pelus使用過,又贈給Achilles。
梣樹屬(學名:Fraxinus)
梣樹(學名:Fraxinus)是木犀科梣屬落葉喬木的通稱,約有60個物種。產於溫帶和亞熱帶地區,在中國有近30種,北方、南方和中部都有種植。其學名來自於拉丁語的「矛」,因為當時士兵們作戰用的武器長矛的柄是用梣木製作的。在斯堪的納維亞神話中,世界由一棵梣樹支撐著。在希臘神話中,宙斯創造人類之初,人是從梣樹裡誕生的。梣樹葉子對生,羽狀帶齒,花有兩性,花序錐形,花冠常呈四裂,雄蕊兩個,柱頭二裂,果實翅形,子葉扁平。梣樹的根和葉子具有利尿、消炎等藥理功能。
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l 台灣常見的光臘樹(Fraxinus formosana)是同一屬的植物。
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