檉柳
μυρίκινος; μυρίκη tamarisk
in
Greece, Tamarix tetrandra;
in
Egypt, Tamarix articulata
Iliad 6.37-50
Ἄδρηστον δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἔπειτα
βοὴν ἀγαθὸς Μενέλαος
ζωὸν ἕλ᾽: ἵππω γάρ οἱ ἀτυζομένω πεδίοιο
ὄζῳ ἔνι βλαφθέντε μυρικίνῳ ἀγκύλον ἅρμα
ἄξαντ᾽ ἐν πρώτῳ ῥυμῷ αὐτὼ μὲν ἐβήτην
πρὸς πόλιν, ᾗ περ οἱ ἄλλοι ἀτυζόμενοι φοβέοντο,
αὐτὸς δ᾽ ἐκ δίφροιο παρὰ τροχὸν ἐξεκυλίσθη
πρηνὴς ἐν κονίῃσιν ἐπὶ στόμα: πὰρ δέ οἱ ἔστη
Ἀτρεΐδης Μενέλαος ἔχων δολιχόσκιον ἔγχος.
Ἄδρηστος δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἔπειτα λαβὼν ἐλίσσετο γούνων:
‘ζώγρει Ἀτρέος υἱέ, σὺ δ᾽ ἄξια δέξαι ἄποινα:
πολλὰ δ᾽ ἐν ἀφνειοῦ
πατρὸς κειμήλια κεῖται
χαλκός τε χρυσός
τε πολύκμητός τε σίδηρος,
τῶν κέν τοι
χαρίσαιτο πατὴρ ἀπερείσι᾽ ἄποινα
εἴ κεν ἐμὲ ζωὸν
πεπύθοιτ᾽ ἐπὶ νηυσὶν Ἀχαιῶν.
But Adrastus
did Menelaus, good at the war cry, take alive; for his two horses, running in terror over the
plain, became entangled in a tamarisk bough and, breaking the curved chariot at
the end of the pole, themselves went toward the city where the rest
were fleeing in rout; but he was hurled from the chariot beside the wheel
headlong in the dust on his face. And to his side came Menelaus, son of Atreus,
holding his far-shadowing spear. The Adrastus clasped him by the knees and
begged him: "Take me alive, Son of Atreus, and accept a worthy ransom;
many treasures lie stored in the house of my wealthy father, bronze and gold
and iron worked with much toil; from these would my father grant you ransom
past counting if he should learn that I am alive at the ships of the
Achaeans."
l 第六卷一開始，三個主要情節：The battle continues; 戰爭繼續延燒，雙方拉鋸戰，殘酷而悲涼一幕幕上演。Menelaus captures Adrastus; Menelaus活捕特洛伊名將Adrastus，一開始心軟，不忍殺他。Agamemnon refuses ransom; Agamemnon出面，拒收贖金，趁勢一刀刺進Adrastus的脇腹。
l 在這一段，說道因為馬在兵荒馬亂中受到驚嚇，困在樹裏頭，Adrastus被聖柳纏住，Menelaus活捉Adrastus，在混亂中，Adrastus央求饒命，希望Menelaus可以放他一條生路，他的父親必以極高付他贖金。可惜後來Agamemnon出面，Adrastus難逃一死。
l 馬前失蹄，在史詩的敘述中，果真生動不已。
l βοὴν ἀγαθὸς Μενέλαος:
善於高聲吶喊的Menelaus。
l ἀτύζομαι: to be distraught from fear, bewildered
l ὄζος: bough, branch, twig
l βλάπτω: disable, hinder
l 其他處提到檉柳
(1) Iliad 10.431-446: ... words he took
the spoils and set them upon a tamarisk tree, and they made a mark [ sêma
... the place by pulling up reeds and gathering boughs of tamarisk that they
might not miss it as they came
(2) Iliad 21.16-20: ... left his spear
upon the bank, leaning it against a tamarisk bush, and plunged into the river
like a daim
1.
θῆκεν ἀνὰ μυρίκην [ι^] Il. 10.466;
2.
μυρίκης ἐριθηλέας
ὄζους ib.467;
3.
“δόρυ . .
κεκλιμένον μυρίκῃσιν” 21.18, cf. h.Merc.81, Nic.Th.612;
4.
but “πτελέαι
τε καὶ ἰτέαι ἠδὲ μυρῖκαι” Il.21.350, cf. Theoc.1.13, 5.101,
and Lat. myrīca;
5.
“ἐκ μυρίκης
πεποιημένη θύρη” Hdt.2.96;
6.
“μυρίκης κλῶνα”
Alc.119: pl., PCair.Zen.383.16 (iii B. C.).
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l Baumann說明 (p.54-55)
ü The tamarisk (Tamarix sp.), in Greek myriki, symbolizes beauty and youth
and was for this reason also sacred to Aphrodite.
ü According to another version, Myriki, daughter
of the King of Cyprus, Kinyas, and sister of Adonis, was changed into a tamarisk.
ü These two interpretations are related to the elegance
of this shrub which, when covered with a multitude of small pink flowers in
spring, enlivens the banks of streams.
ü According to Homer, Odysseus hung the arms of
Dolon, killed before Troy, on a tamarisk, in bloom to honour the young hero,
victim of Diomedes (Iliad 10.466).
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檉柳科 (Tamarix) 檉【ㄔㄥ】
檉柳科共有5屬約90種，其中最大的檉柳屬就有55種，廣泛分布在東半球的溫帶、熱帶和亞熱帶地區，美洲只有引進種。中國有4屬27種，主要生長在西部和北方荒漠地帶。本科植物都是亞灌木或小喬木，適應生長在砂荒、草原和鹽鹼地的耐旱植物，可以容忍高達15,000 ppm的含鹽量，葉互生，1-5毫米長，呈鱗片狀，無托葉；花輻射對稱，兩性，單生或排成總狀花序或圓錐花序；花萼和花瓣4－5；果實為蒴果。種子有束毛或有翅。
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檉柳屬(Tamarix )
The genus Tamarix (tamarisk, salt cedar) is composed of about 50–60
species of flowering plants in the family Tamaricaceae, native to drier areas
of Eurasia and Africa. The generic name originated in Latin and may have
referred to the Tamaris River in Hispania Tarraconensis (Spain). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarix
紅荊，學名 Tamarix
，檉柳科（Tamaricaceae）灌木或小喬木，葉似松針，夏季開花，花朵似米蘭，花由鮮紅漸變為粉紅，最後變成白色，花能釀蜜，荊條可以編織筐類器具，還是優質燃料，耐旱、耐寒、耐鹽鹼，適應荒沙、草原和鹽鹼地帶，盛產於地中海沿岸，中國北方、西北和渤海一帶常有它的身影，也是法國公園和家庭院落的觀賞性植物。
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中國的檉柳
Tamarix chinensis is a species of tamarisk known by the common names Chinese tamarisk
and five-stamen tamarisk or saltcedar. It is native to China and Korea, and
it is known in many other parts of the world as an introduced species and
sometimes an invasive noxious weed. It easily inhabits moist habitat with
saline soils. It may grow as a tree with a single trunk or as a shrub with
several spreading erect branches reaching 6 metres or more in maximum height.
It has been known to reach 12 metres. It has reddish, brown, or black bark.
The small, multibranched twigs are covered in small lance-shaped, scale-like
leaves which are no more than about 3 mm long. The inflorescence is a dense
raceme of flowers a few cm long. Each fragrant flower has five petals which
are usually pink but range from white to red.
檉柳（學名Tamarix
chinensis）又名垂絲柳、觀音柳、三春柳、西河柳、山川柳等，是檉柳科植物。檉柳的嫩枝葉是中藥材。鮮用或乾用。http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AA%89%E6%9F%B3
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我在台北看到的檉柳:
潘富俊老師書中提到檉柳:
以下摘錄〈南都賦〉部分內容，以顯示植物名稱如何影響漢賦的文體和內容。東漢時，河南的南陽稱為南都，是漢光武帝阻陵所在地。張衡用此賦詠頌皇帝此一「龍飛之地」豐富多彩的植物相，粗體字都是植物名稱：
...... 其木則檉松楔㮨，槾柏杻檀，楓押櫨櫪，帝女之桑，楈枒荓櫚，柍枳檍檀...... :其草則藨苧薠莞，蔣蒲蒹葭，藻茆菱芡，芙蓉含華...... 其原野則有桑漆麻苧，菽麥稷黍......。若其園圃，則有蓼蕺蘘荷，藷蔗薑韭，菥蓂芋瓜，乃有櫻梅山柿，侯桃梨栗，梬棗若留、穰橙鄧橘......
上述植物有野生，也有栽培者。野生植物，如檉(檉柳)、松、楔(野櫻桃)、楓、櫨(黃櫨)、櫪(麻櫟)等，目前均可在野地找到；栽培植物，如蓼(水蓼)、蘘荷、藷蔗(甘蔗)、芋、瓜、梨、栗等，大多數至今仍有栽培。古典辭賦中的記載，不但具有文學價值，也是很好的植物文獻資料。
潘富俊。《中國文學植物學》。台北：貓頭鷹出版， 2011年。 (p. 21)
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檉柳喜生含砂地，且耐鹽，各地栽培為防砂林，是良好的海岸綠籬，也可生長在岩石隙地。由於具耐鹽、耐旱特性，已引進世界各國乾旱地帶大量造林。檉柳一年常開三次花，又稱之為「三春柳」，花白色至粉紅色，隨風搖曳生姿，是乾燥地區重要的庭園樹。
酈道元《水經注》描寫長江三峽「絕巘多生檉柏」的「檉」就是檉柳。檉葉細如絲，婀娜可愛。天之將雨，檉柳會先起氣以回應，因此又稱為「雨師」。河西地區，所產亦多，「戎人取滑枝為鞭」，以驅趕牛羊。古代西域各國廢墟，多蔓生檉柳，例如《漢書》就曾記載：「鄯善國多檉柳」，鄯善國即古樓蘭國，目下已成為荒土廢墟，思之引人唏噓。
檉柳在華北及西北的黃土砂地常見，並非提供食物、建材及衣著的經濟作物，所以〈大雅．皇矣〉中有「啓之辟之，其檉其椐」之句，說明開闢田園道路必須除去檉柳及椐(蝴蝶戲珠花)等小木、雜木。
右:檉柳的葉退化成鱗片，極適合生長在乾旱的環境中。一年常開三次花，因此又名「三春柳」。
潘富俊。《詩經植物圖鑑》。台北：貓頭鷹出版， 2010年。(p.269)
作之屏之，其菑其翳。修之平之，其灌其栵。啟之辟之，其檉其椐。攘之剔之，其檿其柘。帝遷明德，串夷載路。天立厥配，受命既固。
《詩經‧大雅‧皇矣》
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