2013年9月22日 星期日

11 Black Poplar Tree


黑楊樹 Black Poplar Tree
αἴγειρος
Populus nigra
Iliad 4. 482-487
ὁ δ᾽ ἐν κονίῃσι χαμαὶ πέσεν αἴγειρος ὣς
ἥ ῥά τ᾽ ἐν εἱαμενῇ ἕλεος μεγάλοιο πεφύκει
λείη, ἀτάρ τέ οἱ ὄζοι ἐπ᾽ ἀκροτάτῃ πεφύασι:
τὴν μέν θ᾽ ἁρματοπηγὸς ἀνὴρ αἴθωνι σιδήρῳ
ἐξέταμ᾽, ὄφρα ἴτυν κάμψῃ περικαλλέϊ δίφρῳ:
ἣ μέν τ᾽ ἀζομένη κεῖται ποταμοῖο παρ᾽ ὄχθας.
he fell to the ground in the dust like a polar tree
that has grown up in the bottom land of great marsh, smooth,
but from its top grow branches:
this a chariot-marker has felled with the gleaming iron so that
he may bend a wheel rim for a beautiful chariot,
and it lies drying by a river bank.

下面圖片出處: h http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Populus_nigra_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-112.jpg  《科勒藥用植物》(1897) Populus nigra



l  ὦμος: the shoulder with the upper arm
l  χάλκεος: of copper
l  ἔγχος: spear, lance
l  κονία: dust
l  αἴγειρος: black poplar, Populus nigra

Homeric simile, also called an epic simile is a detailed comparison in the form of a simile that is many lines in length. The word "Homeric" is based on the Greek author, Homer, who composed the two famous Greek epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Many authors continue to use this type of simile in their writings.
l  這段文字是典型的「荷馬式比喻」 (Homeric simile),把Simoeisius比喻成黑楊樹,他被Aias擊倒,如黑楊樹倒下,Simoeisius出生河畔,死於河畔,漂泊一生,真如黑楊樹。
l  描述黑楊樹的文字,都在敘述Simoeisius,長在大挖地的凹陷地帶,樹幹光滑,長出茂盛的枝葉,但樹倒之後,躺在河岸,風乾。比較Echepolus倒下,荷馬則用高塔(tower)倒了的比喻 (Iliad 4. 462)。當然岸邊風乾的樹枝不只是黑楊樹,山谷的橡樹與松樹枯木也可能堆積在此,若想到風光一世,終將成為枯木,悲情。
l  之後的描述似乎意義更深遠,造車工匠用發亮的鐵刀把它砍倒,弄彎之後做車子的輪緣, 如果這是一系列的比喻,造車工匠就是Aias,他的武器就是那把鐵刀,但是把Simoeisius做成車輪又是甚麼意思? 就木質而言,黑楊樹應該比較富彈性,但做成輪子則需相當大的硬度。黑楊樹比梣木,松柏,甚至是楊柳都更富彈性,有可能在西元前八世紀左右被拿來做車輪,但是沒有確切資料佐證。
l  古埃及的輕馬車(the light-weight Rosellini chariot)也是梣木做成的輪子,但沒車胎( tyres)


l  邁錫尼文明中的兩人坐馬車,也是戰車,四輻(four-spoke),車輪的木料也是梣木
下面圖片出處: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/74.51.964 Chariot krater, ca. 1400–1370 B.C.; Late Helladic IIIA, Helladic (Mycenaean)Terracotta

l  而這裡提到的是鐵刀,又再次證實史詩背景以夾雜鐵器時代的文化。Iliad 13.178-81提到用銅刀砍下梣樹(ash-tree)










沒有留言:

張貼留言