1-葡萄

Vine

grape	葡萄	Vitis sp.	葡萄科	Vitaceae	葡萄屬 Vitis	βότρυς
grape, Common Grape Vine	葡萄	vitis vinifera	葡萄科	Vitaceae	葡萄屬Vitis	ἄμπελος

(1) 葡萄與酒是荷馬史詩重要主題，飲酒文化與葡萄藤的經濟與庭園，自古就是地中海文明的一部分。葡萄，是酒神(Dionysus)保護的植物，古代也有一些錢幣刻著驢與葡萄藤，驢是海神的座騎，這錢幣的象徵意義不言而喻:

圖片出處: https://www.numisbids.com/n.php?p=lot&sid=351&lot=174

Macedon, Mende AR Tetradrachm. Circa 460-423 BC. Dionysos, bearded and wearing ivy wreath and himation, holding a kantharos in his right hand, reclining left on the back of a donkey walking right, and resting left elbow on its head; below donkey, sprig of ivy / ΜΕΝΔΑΙΟΝ around linear square containing a vine with leaves, tendrils and four bunches of grapes. Jameson 1963 (this coin); Noe, Mende 65. 17.06g, 28mm, 8h. Reverse die slightly worn, but otherwise Extremely Fine. Extremely Rare.

(2) Iliad 2.561 埃皮道羅斯盛產葡萄（vine-clad Epidaurus, ἀμπελόεντ᾽ Ἐπίδαυρον); [解釋ἀμπελόεις : rich in vines, vine-clad]。Epidaurus 最有名的是露天劇場：　

http://www.artchive.com/artchive/G/greek/greek_epidaurus2.jpg.html

ἀμπελόεις 亦出現在Iliad 3.184， Iliad 9.152

(3) 參考Grape Clusters On the Coins of Maroneia http://hogsheadwine.wordpress.com/2012/05/16/grape-clusters-on-the-coins-of-maroeia/

在這篇文章探討與酒有關的硬幣，提到位於色雷斯古城Maroneia (在現在希臘東北部。從希臘到羅馬時期Maroneia釀造強勁的葡萄酒，酒還馥郁濃濃花香。在“奧德賽”中，奧德修斯給獨眼巨人波呂斐摩斯喝濃烈的酒，想必是特殊不已。

圖片來源: http://hogsheadwine.wordpress.com/2012/05/16/grape-clusters-on-the-coins-of-maroeia/ Tetradrachm is a Greek silver coin, equivalent to four Drachmae.

Obverse, horse prancing to left; above, helmet to left, MAPON; all within dotted circle. Reverse, around square in which grape vine with four bunches of grapes; the whole within incuse square.

(4)  古風時期的酒器(ca.540-530 BCE)，盤底畫著酒神Dionysus斜倚在一條小船，船隻包圍海豚 ，帶著葡萄藤到歐洲:

Museum Collection: Antikensammlungen, Munich, Germany

Catalogue Number: Munich 2044

Beazley Archive Number: TBA

Ware: Attic Black Figure

Shape: Kylix

Painter: Signed by Exekias

Date: ca 540 BC

Period: Archaic

圖片來源: http://www.thecultureconcept.com/circle/wine-dionysus

(5) 基本上古希臘人認為喝純酒(straight wine)是野蠻的行為，所以酒都會調水。Demeter則滴酒不沾，我也是喔。

***葡萄的材料與內容很豐富，先介紹一些，陸續在增補。