Plane Tree
蓧懸木;懸鈴木; 法桐
Platanus orientalis
蓧懸木;懸鈴木; 法桐
Platanus orientalis
(Iliad 2. 303-332)
在獻祭的過程出現的異象: 闊葉樹(plane tree)上九隻鳥被大蛇吞噬 (Iliad 2.303-332)
‘ εὖ γὰρ δὴ τόδε ἴδμεν ἐνὶ φρεσίν, ἐστὲ δὲ πάντες
μάρτυροι, οὓς μὴ κῆρες ἔβαν θανάτοιο φέρουσαι:
χθιζά τε καὶ πρωΐζ᾽ ὅτ᾽ ἐς Αὐλίδα νῆες Ἀχαιῶν
ἠγερέθοντο κακὰ Πριάμῳ καὶ Τρωσὶ φέρουσαι,
ἡμεῖς δ᾽ ἀμφὶ περὶ κρήνην ἱεροὺς κατὰ βωμοὺς
ἕρδομεν ἀθανάτοισι τεληέσσας ἑκατόμβας
καλῇ ὑπὸ πλατανίστῳ ὅθεν ῥέεν ἀγλαὸν ὕδωρ:
ἔνθ᾽ ἐφάνη μέγα σῆμα: δράκων ἐπὶ νῶτα δαφοινὸς
σμερδαλέος, τόν ῥ᾽ αὐτὸς Ὀλύμπιος ἧκε φόως δέ,
βωμοῦ ὑπαΐξας πρός ῥα πλατάνιστον ὄρουσεν.
ἔνθα δ᾽ ἔσαν στρουθοῖο νεοσσοί, νήπια τέκνα,
ὄζῳ ἐπ᾽ ἀκροτάτῳ πετάλοις ὑποπεπτηῶτες
ὀκτώ, ἀτὰρ μήτηρ ἐνάτη ἦν ἣ τέκε τέκνα:
ἔνθ᾽ ὅ γε τοὺς ἐλεεινὰ κατήσθιε τετριγῶτας:
μήτηρ δ᾽ ἀμφεποτᾶτο ὀδυρομένη φίλα τέκνα:
τὴν δ᾽ ἐλελιξάμενος πτέρυγος λάβεν ἀμφιαχυῖαν.
αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ κατὰ τέκνα φάγε στρουθοῖο καὶ αὐτήν,
τὸν μὲν ἀρίζηλον θῆκεν θεὸς ὅς περ ἔφηνε:
λᾶαν γάρ μιν ἔθηκε Κρόνου πάϊς ἀγκυλομήτεω:
ἡμεῖς δ᾽ ἑσταότες θαυμάζομεν οἷον ἐτύχθη.
ὡς οὖν δεινὰ πέλωρα θεῶν εἰσῆλθ᾽ ἑκατόμβας,
Κάλχας δ᾽ αὐτίκ᾽ ἔπειτα θεοπροπέων ἀγόρευε:
τίπτ᾽ ἄνεῳ ἐγένεσθε κάρη κομόωντες Ἀχαιοί;
ἡμῖν μὲν τόδ᾽ ἔφηνε τέρας μέγα μητίετα Ζεὺς
ὄψιμον ὀψιτέλεστον, ὅου κλέος οὔ ποτ᾽ ὀλεῖται.
ὡς οὗτος κατὰ τέκνα φάγε στρουθοῖο καὶ αὐτὴν
ὀκτώ, ἀτὰρ μήτηρ ἐνάτη ἦν ἣ τέκε τέκνα,
ὣς ἡμεῖς τοσσαῦτ᾽ ἔτεα πτολεμίξομεν αὖθι,
τῷ δεκάτῳ δὲ πόλιν αἱρήσομεν εὐρυάγυιαν.
κεῖνος τὼς ἀγόρευε: τὰ δὴ νῦν πάντα τελεῖται.
ἀλλ᾽ ἄγε μίμνετε πάντες ἐϋκνήμιδες Ἀχαιοὶ
αὐτοῦ εἰς ὅ κεν ἄστυ μέγα Πριάμοιο ἕλωμεν.
“For this in
truth do we know well in our hearts, and ye are all witnesses thereto, even
as many as the fates of death have not borne away. It was but as yesterday or
the day before, when the ships of the Achaeans were gathering in Aulis,1
laden with woes for Priam and the Trojans; [305] and we round about a spring
were offering to the immortals upon the holy altars hecatombs that bring
fulfillment, beneath a fair plane-tree from whence flowed the bright water;
then appeared a great portent: a serpent, blood-red on the back, terrible,
whom the Olympian himself had sent forth to the light, [310] glided from
beneath the altar and darted to the plane-tree. Now upon this were the
younglings of a sparrow, tender little ones, on the topmost bough, cowering
beneath the leaves, eight in all, and the mother that bare them was the
ninth, Then the serpent devoured them as they twittered piteously, [315] and
the mother fluttered around them, wailing for her dear little ones; howbeit
he coiled himself and caught her by the wing as she screamed about him. But
when he had devoured the sparrow's little ones and the mother with them, the
god, who had brought him to the light, made him to be unseen; for the son of
crooked-counselling Cronos turned him to stone; [320] and we stood there and
marveled at what was wrought. So, when the dread portent brake in upon the
hecatombs of the gods, then straightway did Calchas prophesy, and address our
gathering, saying: 'Why are ye thus silent, ye long-haired Achaeans? To us
hath Zeus the counsellor shewed this great sign, [325] late in coming, late
in fulfillment, the fame whereof shall never perish. Even as this serpent
devoured the sparrow's little ones and the mother with them—the eight, and
the mother that bare them was the ninth—so shall we war there for so many
years, but in the tenth shall we take the broad-wayed city.' On this wise
spake Calchas, [330] and now all this is verily being brought to pass. Nay,
come, abide ye all, ye well-greaved Achaeans, even where ye are, until we take
the great city of Priam.” So spake he, and the Argives shouted aloud, and all
round about them the ships echoed wondrously beneath the shouting of the
Achaeans, [335] as they praised the words of godlike Odysseus.
翻譯來源: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D2%3Acard%3D301
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1.
beneath a
fair plane tree from which flowed the great water
2.
plane tree (πλατάνιστος)，earlier name for πλάτανος, (另見Hdt.5.119, 7.27,31, Theoc.18.44)，中文譯為懸鈴木，「很多非專業人士及新聞媒體將懸鈴木誤稱為梧桐，如南京梧桐樹事件中南京市民及媒體所說的「梧桐」即為懸鈴木。」
3.
Hdt. 5.119:
"those of them who escaped were driven into the precinct of Zeus of
Armies at Labraunda, a large and a holy grove of plane-trees. (The
Carians are the only people whom we know who offer sacrifices to Zeus by this
name.) When they had been driven there, they deliberated how best to save
themselves, whether it would be better for them to surrender to the Persians or
to depart from Asia."
4.
先知的詮釋是九年，所以希臘大軍應該繼續留駐，勉力攻下特洛依城。
5.
Pausanias
9.19.7 提到泉與樹都還在
Plane Tree, Zeus and Europa
1.懸鈴木，樹木高大，廣闊樹蔭，自古聞名。有些樹相連，被稱為"Siamese Tree" (連體樹)。
2. 懸鈴木還和歐洲起源有密切關係。懸鈴木大多數是落葉木，但克里特島上Gortyn這兒懸鈴木則是長青樹。傳說宙斯綁架Europa到克里特島，曾駐足在這長青的懸鈴木下，神聖的懸鈴木見證米諾文明興起，Gortyn的錢幣還以此為主題。這種懸鈴木的學名是Platanus
orientalis var cretica 。
The plane tree of Gortys is at the back of the archaeological site.
Although most plane trees are deciduous, this one is evergreen, making it a
member of an extremely rare subspecies, about 50 examples of which have been
recorded on Crete.
資料來源: http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/art/170567
Stater of Gortyn, c. 320 BC-270 BC
Coin
Greek, 4th-3rd century BC
Hellenistic period, Early, 323-250 BC
Creation Place: Gortynai (Crete), Crete
Silver 11.66 g
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