strawberry clove
Trifolium
fragiferum
草莓幸運草/草莓車軸草
Achilles的馬到底吃甚麼草?
Iliad
2. 768-779
ἀνδρῶν αὖ μέγ᾽ ἄριστος ἔην Τελαμώνιος Αἴας
ὄφρ᾽ Ἀχιλεὺς μήνιεν: ὃ γὰρ πολὺ φέρτατος ἦεν, ἵπποι θ᾽ οἳ φορέεσκον ἀμύμονα Πηλεΐωνα. ἀλλ᾽ ὃ μὲν ἐν νήεσσι κορωνίσι ποντοπόροισι κεῖτ᾽ ἀπομηνίσας Ἀγαμέμνονι ποιμένι λαῶν Ἀτρεΐδῃ: λαοὶ δὲ παρὰ ῥηγμῖνι θαλάσσης δίσκοισιν τέρποντο καὶ αἰγανέῃσιν ἱέντες τόξοισίν θ᾽: ἵπποι δὲ παρ᾽ ἅρμασιν οἷσιν ἕκαστος λωτὸν ἐρεπτόμενοι ἐλεόθρεπτόν τε σέλινον ἕστασαν: ἅρματα δ᾽ εὖ πεπυκασμένα κεῖτο ἀνάκτων ἐν κλισίῃς: οἳ δ᾽ ἀρχὸν ἀρηΐφιλον ποθέοντες φοίτων ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα κατὰ στρατὸν οὐδὲ μάχοντο.
英文翻譯: Of horses best by far were the
mares of the son of Pheres, those that Eumelas drave, swift as birds, [765]
like of coat, like of age, their backs as even as a levelling line could
make. These had Apollo of the silver bow reared in Pereia, both of them mares,
bearing with them the panic of war. And of warriors far best was Telamonian
Aias, while yet Achilles cherished his wrath; for Achilles was far the
mightiest, [770] he and the horses that bare the peerless son of Peleus.
Howbeit he abode amid his beaked, seafaring ships in utter wrath against
Agamemnon, Atreus' son, shepherd of the host; and his people along the
sea-shore took their joy in casting the discus and the javelin, and in
archery; [775] and their horses each beside his own car, eating
lotus and parsley of the marsh, stood idle, while the chariots were set, well covered up, in
the huts of their masters. But the men, longing for their captain, dear to
Ares, roared hither and thither through the camp, and fought not.
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這裡的Lotus (λωτός)，確定是馬吃的糧，還是有非常多的可能：
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name applied to various plants and trees
(Thphr.HP7.15.3, Plin.HN14.101, cf. Hsch.) providing fodder or fruit:
I. fodder plants,
1. clover, trefoil, Trifolium fragiferum, Od.4.603,
Thphr.HP7.8.3, 7.13.5, Dsc. 4.111.
2. fellbloom, Lotus corniculatus, Il.14.348, Plin.HN22.55.
3. = τῆλις, fenugreek, Trigonella
Foenum-graecum, Dsc.2.102; λ. ἄγριος wild fenugreek, T. gladiata,
Id.4.111, Gal.12.65.
4. melilot, T. graeca, Thphr.HP9.7.3.
b. Italian melilot, Melilotus messanensis,
Dsc.4.110, Gal. l.c.
5. = κύτισος, Medicago arborea, Ps.-Dsc.4.112.
II. Nile water-lily, Egyptian lotus, Nymphaea
Lotus, Hdt.2.92, Thphr.HP4.8.9, PHib.1.152 (iii B.C.), Dsc.4.113,
Plin.HN13.107; the blue species (Nymphaea stellata), Thphr.HP 4.8.11; also,
Nymphaea Nelumbo, Ath.3.73a.
III. of trees found in Libya,
1. nettle-tree, Celtis australis, Thphr.HP1.5.3,
4.3.1, Dsc. 1.117, etc.; used for making flutes, Thphr.HP4.3.4: hence
b. in E. (lyr.) and later poets, flute, “λ. . .
Μουσᾶν θεράπων” El.716, cf. Pae.Delph.12, AP7.182 (pl., Mel.); “Λίβυς λ.”
E.Tr.544, Hel.170, IA 1036, prob. in Limen.13.
c. pipe inserted in the νάβλα, Sopat. 10.
d. tube or stalk of vaginal speculum, Aët.
16.89, Paul.Aeg. 6.73.
2. tree growing among the Lotophagi, Zizyphus
Lotus, “λωτοῖο . . μελιηδέα καρπόν” Od.9.94, cf. Hdt.2.96, 4.177,
Thphr.HP4.3.1-4, Plb.12.2.2.
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1. 假設這裡指的是clover,
trefoil, Trifolium fragiferum，羅念生與王煥生的翻譯「他們的馬在車旁吃沼澤裡的苜蓿和芫荽」似乎不太正確，至少一般認為苜蓿是(Medicago
polymorpha)，但是，如果這裡的Lotus (λωτός)是κύτισος,，就是Medicago arborea，木本苜蓿。這是荷馬史詩中植物辨識的困難，因為希臘原文和英文譯本差異，而古希臘的植物知識和現今的了解差異又很大，造成一些困惑，但也是激發我一探究竟的熱情。
2. 在Baumann, Hellmut. The
Greek Plant World in Myth, Art and Literature. 書中，沒有介紹clove，也沒介紹Medicago
polymorpha。倒是植物學之父Theophrastus提到它的葉子(7.8.3)，又提到種子需兩年才發芽(7.13.5)。
3. Odyssey 4.603，Telemachus 禮貌地婉拒Menelaus送的馬，希望把馬留在斯巴達的大草原上因為:
σὺ γὰρ πεδίοιο ἀνάσσεις
εὐρέος, ᾧ ἔνι μὲν λωτὸς πολύς, ἐν δὲ κύπειρον
πυροί τε ζειαί τε ἰδ᾽ εὐρυφυὲς κρῖ λευκόν.
for you are lord of a wide plain, where there is lotus in abundance, and
galingale, wheat and spelt, and broad-eared white barley.
一大片的lotus (λωτὸς)，galingale (κύπειρον)，wheat (πυροί, Triticum vulgare)，spelt or one-seeded wheat (ζειαί, Triticum monococcum), broad-eared white barley (εὐρυφυὲς κρῖ λευκόν)。
4. 現代Trifolium fragiferum，有英文翻譯成strawberry
clove, 中文有翻譯成「草莓車軸草」
下面圖像來源: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trifolium_fragiferum_Leaves_01May2009_CampodeCalatrava.jpg
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