Achilles的馬到底吃甚麼草?
(答案二):
fellbloom, Bird's-foot Trefoil，Birdfoot
Deervetch
Lotus
corniculatus
「百脈根」，「鳥腳幸運草」
1. Lotus (λωτός)是馬糧，所以不是蓮花。
2. 依照LSJ大字典的解釋，也可能是fellbloom, Lotus
corniculatus, 英文其它譯名有Bird's-foot Trefoil，Birdfoot Deervetch，中文有時候翻譯成「百脈根」，在中國南北等地均有栽培。據說在雲南、貴州、四川、湖北、湖南、陝西、甘肅等地區均發現有野生種。因為英文Bird's-foot Trefoil，也可以翻譯成鳥腳幸運草。
3. Iliad第十四卷再出現一次 (Iliad
14. 346-351)，描述難得一見場景， Zeus和元配Hera曬恩愛：
ἦ ῥα καὶ ἀγκὰς ἔμαρπτε Κρόνου παῖς ἣν
παράκοιτιν:
τοῖσι δ᾽ ὑπὸ χθὼν δῖα φύεν νεοθηλέα ποίην,
λωτόν θ᾽ ἑρσήεντα ἰδὲ κρόκον ἠδ᾽ ὑάκινθον
πυκνὸν καὶ μαλακόν, ὃς ἀπὸ χθονὸς ὑψόσ᾽ ἔεργε.
τῷ ἔνι λεξάσθην, ἐπὶ δὲ νεφέλην ἕσσαντο
καλὴν χρυσείην: στιλπναὶ δ᾽ ἀπέπιπτον ἔερσαι.
At that the son of Cronos clasped his wife in
his arms, and beneath them the bright earth made fresh-sprung grass to grow,
and dewy lotus, and crocus, and hyacinth thick and soft that kept them from
the ground. On this they lay, and were clothes about with a cloud, fair and
golden, from which fell drops of glistening dew.
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l νεοθηλής/νεφέλην--fresh-budding，新萌芽的。
l πόα， grass，草地，因為這字，說明下面的"dewy lotus"是草地上的植物，但是好像很難確定是「百脈根」。還是有可能是草莓幸運草。
l λωτός，clover, trefoil,
Trifolium fragiferum可能是草莓幸運草，也可能是fellbloom, Lotus corniculatus。
l κρόκος，saffron, Crocus sativus，番紅花。
l ὑάκινθος，hyacinth，風信子。
牛吃草，吃「百脈根」：
Iliad
2. 768-779
ἀνδρῶν αὖ μέγ᾽ ἄριστος ἔην Τελαμώνιος Αἴας
ὄφρ᾽ Ἀχιλεὺς μήνιεν: ὃ γὰρ πολὺ φέρτατος ἦεν, ἵπποι θ᾽ οἳ φορέεσκον ἀμύμονα Πηλεΐωνα. ἀλλ᾽ ὃ μὲν ἐν νήεσσι κορωνίσι ποντοπόροισι κεῖτ᾽ ἀπομηνίσας Ἀγαμέμνονι ποιμένι λαῶν Ἀτρεΐδῃ: λαοὶ δὲ παρὰ ῥηγμῖνι θαλάσσης δίσκοισιν τέρποντο καὶ αἰγανέῃσιν ἱέντες τόξοισίν θ᾽: ἵπποι δὲ παρ᾽ ἅρμασιν οἷσιν ἕκαστος λωτὸν ἐρεπτόμενοι ἐλεόθρεπτόν τε σέλινον ἕστασαν: ἅρματα δ᾽ εὖ πεπυκασμένα κεῖτο ἀνάκτων ἐν κλισίῃς: οἳ δ᾽ ἀρχὸν ἀρηΐφιλον ποθέοντες φοίτων ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα κατὰ στρατὸν οὐδὲ μάχοντο.
英文翻譯: Of horses best by far were the
mares of the son of Pheres, those that Eumelas drave, swift as birds, [765]
like of coat, like of age, their backs as even as a levelling line could
make. These had Apollo of the silver bow reared in Pereia, both of them mares,
bearing with them the panic of war. And of warriors far best was Telamonian
Aias, while yet Achilles cherished his wrath; for Achilles was far the
mightiest, [770] he and the horses that bare the peerless son of Peleus.
Howbeit he abode amid his beaked, seafaring ships in utter wrath against
Agamemnon, Atreus' son, shepherd of the host; and his people along the
sea-shore took their joy in casting the discus and the javelin, and in
archery; [775] and their horses each beside his own car, eating
lotus and parsley of the marsh, stood idle, while the chariots were set, well covered up, in
the huts of their masters. But the men, longing for their captain, dear to
Ares, roared hither and thither through the camp, and fought not.
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這裡的Lotus (λωτός)，確定是馬吃的糧，還是有非常多的可能：
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name applied to various plants and trees
(Thphr.HP7.15.3, Plin.HN14.101, cf. Hsch.) providing fodder or fruit:
I. fodder plants,
1. clover, trefoil, Trifolium fragiferum, Od.4.603,
Thphr.HP7.8.3, 7.13.5, Dsc. 4.111.
2. fellbloom, Lotus corniculatus, Il.14.348, Plin.HN22.55.
3. = τῆλις, fenugreek, Trigonella
Foenum-graecum, Dsc.2.102; λ. ἄγριος wild fenugreek, T. gladiata,
Id.4.111, Gal.12.65.
4. melilot, T. graeca, Thphr.HP9.7.3.
b. Italian melilot, Melilotus messanensis,
Dsc.4.110, Gal. l.c.
5. = κύτισος, Medicago arborea, Ps.-Dsc.4.112.
II. Nile water-lily, Egyptian lotus, Nymphaea
Lotus, Hdt.2.92, Thphr.HP4.8.9, PHib.1.152 (iii B.C.), Dsc.4.113,
Plin.HN13.107; the blue species (Nymphaea stellata), Thphr.HP 4.8.11; also,
Nymphaea Nelumbo, Ath.3.73a.
III. of trees found in Libya,
1. nettle-tree, Celtis australis, Thphr.HP1.5.3,
4.3.1, Dsc. 1.117, etc.; used for making flutes, Thphr.HP4.3.4: hence
b. in E. (lyr.) and later poets, flute, “λ. . .
Μουσᾶν θεράπων” El.716, cf. Pae.Delph.12, AP7.182 (pl., Mel.); “Λίβυς λ.”
E.Tr.544, Hel.170, IA 1036, prob. in Limen.13.
c. pipe inserted in the νάβλα, Sopat. 10.
d. tube or stalk of vaginal speculum, Aët.
16.89, Paul.Aeg. 6.73.
2. tree growing among the Lotophagi, Zizyphus
Lotus, “λωτοῖο . . μελιηδέα καρπόν” Od.9.94, cf. Hdt.2.96, 4.177,
Thphr.HP4.3.1-4, Plb.12.2.2.
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