34 apple

μηλέα apple-tree, Pyrus malus

新的分類學名--Malus sylvestris

Odyssey 24. 302-355

Odysseus又編一個故事騙父親，但終究父子要相認，Odysseus 說出實情，但是愛說謊的人，實在令人難以相信，Laertes要他拿出具體證據說明，Odysseus舉兩個例子，一個是腳傷，一個是果園的果樹數目，13棵梨子樹，10棵蘋果樹，和40 棵無花果樹，還有50棵葡萄藤，這些都是父傳子的最好家產：

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D24%3Acard%3D1

οὐλὴν μὲν πρῶτον τήνδε φράσαι ὀφθαλμοῖσι,

τὴν ἐν Παρνησῷ μ᾽ ἔλασεν σῦς λευκῷ ὀδόντι

οἰχόμενον: σὺ δέ με προΐεις καὶ πότνια μήτηρ

ἐς πατέρ᾽ Αὐτόλυκον μητρὸς φίλον, ὄφρ᾽ ἂν ἑλοίμην

δῶρα, τὰ δεῦρο μολών μοι ὑπέσχετο καὶ κατένευσεν.

εἰ δ᾽ ἄγε τοι καὶ δένδρε᾽ ἐϋκτιμένην κατ᾽ ἀλωὴν

εἴπω, ἅ μοί ποτ᾽ ἔδωκας, ἐγὼ δ᾽ ᾔτεόν σε ἕκαστα

παιδνὸς ἐών, κατὰ κῆπον ἐπισπόμενος: διὰ δ᾽ αὐτῶν

ἱκνεύμεσθα, σὺ δ᾽ ὠνόμασας καὶ ἔειπες ἕκαστα.

ὄγχνας μοι δῶκας τρισκαίδεκα καὶ δέκα μηλέας,

συκέας τεσσαράκοντ᾽: ὄρχους δέ μοι ὧδ᾽ ὀνόμηνας

δώσειν πεντήκοντα, διατρύγιος δὲ ἕκαστος

ἤην: ἔνθα δ᾽ ἀνὰ σταφυλαὶ παντοῖαι ἔασιν—

ὁππότε δὴ Διὸς ὧραι ἐπιβρίσειαν ὕπερθεν.

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey24.htm

“First, let your eyes inspect this scar—a boar

inflicted that on me with its white tusk,

when I went to Parnassus, sent there

by you and by my honourable mother,

to her cherished father, Autolycus,

so I could get the gifts he’d promised me,

what he’d agreed to give when he was here.

Come, I’ll tell you the trees you gave me once

in the well-established vineyard—back then

I was a child following you in the yard,

and I asked about each one. It was here—we walked by these very trees. You named them

and described them to me. You offered me

thirteen pear trees and ten apple trees

along with forty fig trees. In the same way,

you said you’d give me fifty rows of vines,

bearing all sorts of different types of grapes,

when Zeus’ seasons load their tops with fruit.

這裡的蘋果樹: μηλέα apple-tree, Pyrus malus，From Latin pirus (“pear tree”) + mālus (“apple tree”)，和梨是同科同屬。

 下面圖片與資料來源: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pyrus_malus

Old European crab apple tree

Malus sylvestris

下面圖片與資料來源: http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Malus_sylvestris

33 Pear

33 Pear西洋梨 

ὄγχνη pear-tree, Pirus communis

Kingdom:      Plantae

(unranked):   Angiosperms

(unranked):   Eudicots

(unranked):   Rosids

Order:    Rosales

Family:    Rosaceae

Genus:    Pyrus

Species:   P. communis

Odyssey 24. 205-301

下面場景轉到Odysseus走道田莊探視年邁的父親。這田莊是Laertes親手打造，旁邊還有住屋、棚舍，所以老人家可以遠離城市生活。但是，Odysseus並不打算馬上和父親相擁相認，他想看看父親是不是還認得他，所以Odysseus走進父親的果園，遠遠地看父親孤零零一人，川著骯髒的衣服，衣服全是補丁，帶著牛皮護腿，頭戴羊皮帽。站在一棵梨樹下，Odysseus望著年老的父親，不禁悲從中來，淚潸潸：

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D24%3Acard%3D232

ὣς εἰπὼν δμώεσσιν ἀρήϊα τεύχε᾽ ἔδωκεν.

οἱ μὲν ἔπειτα δόμονδε θοῶς κίον, αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσεὺς

ἆσσον ἴεν πολυκάρπου ἀλωῆς πειρητίζων.

οὐδ᾽ εὗρεν Δολίον, μέγαν ὄρχατον ἐσκαταβαίνων,

οὐδέ τινα δμώων οὐδ᾽ υἱῶν: ἀλλ᾽ ἄρα τοί γε

αἱμασιὰς λέξοντες ἀλωῆς ἔμμεναι ἕρκος

ᾤχοντ᾽, αὐτὰρ ὁ τοῖσι γέρων ὁδὸν ἡγεμόνευε.

τὸν δ᾽ οἶον πατέρ᾽ εὗρεν ἐϋκτιμένῃ ἐν ἀλωῇ,

λιστρεύοντα φυτόν: ῥυπόωντα δὲ ἕστο χιτῶνα

ῥαπτὸν ἀεικέλιον, περὶ δὲ κνήμῃσι βοείας

κνημῖδας ῥαπτὰς δέδετο, γραπτῦς ἀλεείνων,

χειρῖδάς τ᾽ ἐπὶ χερσὶ βάτων ἕνεκ᾽: αὐτὰρ ὕπερθεν

αἰγείην κυνέην κεφαλῇ ἔχε, πένθος ἀέξων.

τὸν δ᾽ ὡς οὖν ἐνόησε πολύτλας δῖος Ὀδυσσεὺς

γήραϊ τειρόμενον, μέγα δὲ φρεσὶ πένθος ἔχοντα,

στὰς ἄρ᾽ ὑπὸ βλωθρὴν ὄγχνην κατὰ δάκρυον εἶβε.

(Odyssey 24. 219-234)

γηράσκω grow old

βλωθρός tall

ὄγχνη pear-tree, Pirus communis

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey24.htm

Odysseus spoke,

then gave his battle weapons to his servants.

They quickly went inside the house. Then Odysseus,   

walking out to test his father, came up beside

the fruitful vineyard and from there continued down

to the extensive orchard, where he failed to find

Dolius or any sons of his father’s slaves.

They’d gone off to gather large rocks for the wall

around the vineyard, with the old man in the lead.

In the well-established vineyard he found his father.

He was digging round a plant, all by himself,

dressed in a filthy, shabby, patched-up tunic.

Around his legs he’d tied shin pads stitched from ox-hide

to protect himself from scratches, and on his hands  

he had on gloves, since there were thistles in that spot.

On his head he wore a goatskin hat. In these clothes

he was dealing with his grief. When lord Odysseus,

who had endured so much, saw him worn down with age

and carrying so much heavy sorrow in his heart,

he stood under a tall pear tree and shed a tear...

第244-248行會在提到Laertes的果園除了梨樹，還有無花果、葡萄、橄欖、和蔬菜等等。雖然，離家二十年的Odysseus看見這幕很感傷，但是我也看見，老年的Laertes在自己的田地與果園中，自得其樂，至少，還有體力忙著田裡的事。

下面圖片資料來源: http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Mythology/Laertes.html

以下圖片資料來源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pear

梵谷的畫

Small Pear Tree in Blossom, 1888

Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890)

• Oil on Canvas, 73 x 46 cm
• Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (Vincent van Gogh Foundation)
• F 405

32 asphodel

(ἀσφόδελος asphodel, Asphodelus ramosus) 日光蘭

Kingdom:      Plantae

Clade:     Angiosperms

Clade:     Monocots

Order:    Asparagales

Family:    Xanthorrhoeaceae

Subfamily:     Asphodeloideae

Genus:    Asphodelus

Species:   A. ramosus

《奧德賽》最後一卷，開場跳到地獄，Hermes喚醒那些追求者的亡魂:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D24%3Acard%3D1

Ἑρμῆς δὲ ψυχὰς Κυλλήνιος ἐξεκαλεῖτο

ἀνδρῶν μνηστήρων: ἔχε δὲ ῥάβδον μετὰ χερσὶν

καλὴν χρυσείην, τῇ τ᾽ ἀνδρῶν ὄμματα θέλγει

ὧν ἐθέλει, τοὺς δ᾽ αὖτε καὶ ὑπνώοντας ἐγείρει:

τῇ ῥ᾽ ἄγε κινήσας, ταὶ δὲ τρίζουσαι ἕποντο.

ὡς δ᾽ ὅτε νυκτερίδες μυχῷ ἄντρου θεσπεσίοιο

τρίζουσαι ποτέονται, ἐπεί κέ τις ἀποπέσῃσιν

ὁρμαθοῦ ἐκ πέτρης, ἀνά τ᾽ ἀλλήλῃσιν ἔχονται,

ὣς αἱ τετριγυῖαι ἅμ᾽ ἤϊσαν: ἦρχε δ᾽ ἄρα σφιν

Ἑρμείας ἀκάκητα κατ᾽ εὐρώεντα κέλευθα.

πὰρ δ᾽ ἴσαν Ὠκεανοῦ τε ῥοὰς καὶ Λευκάδα πέτρην,

ἠδὲ παρ᾽ Ἠελίοιο πύλας καὶ δῆμον ὀνείρων

ἤϊσαν: αἶψα δ᾽ ἵκοντο κατ᾽ ἀσφοδελὸν λειμῶνα,

ἔνθα τε ναίουσι ψυχαί, εἴδωλα καμόντων.

εὗρον δὲ ψυχὴν Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος

καὶ Πατροκλῆος καὶ ἀμύμονος Ἀντιλόχοιο

Αἴαντός θ᾽, ὃς ἄριστος ἔην εἶδός τε δέμας τε

τῶν ἄλλων Δαναῶν μετ᾽ ἀμύμονα Πηλεΐδαο.

ῥάβδος  rod, wand

圖片出處: http://www.greekmedicine.net/mythology/hermes.html

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey24.htm

Meanwhile Hermes of Cyllene summoned up

the spirits of the suitors. In his hand he held

the beautiful gold wand he uses to enchant

the eyes of anyone he wishes or to wake

some other man from sleep. With it he roused and led

these spirits, who kept squeaking as they followed him.

Just as inside the corners of a monstrous cave

bats flit around and squeak when one of them falls down

out of the cluster on the rock where they cling

to one another, that how these spirits squawked 

as they moved on together. Hermes the Deliverer 

conducted them along the murky passageway.1

They went past the streams of Ocean, past Leucas,

past the gates of the Sun and the land of Dreams,

and very soon came to the field of asphodel,

where spirits live, the shades of those whose work is done.

Here they found Achilles’ shade, son of Peleus,

and of Patroclus, too, noble Antilochus,

and Ajax, who had the finest form and shape

of all Danaans, after the son of Peleus, 

who had no peer.

喚醒這群追求者的鬼魂的是Hermes，他拿著他的神杖，引領他們走過地獄幽谷。帶著他們到了asphodel草地 (ἀσφόδελος asphodel, Asphodelus ramosus)。asphodel可能是長青之意，但是也是Asphodelus ramosus (如圖)，目前找到的中文翻譯是日光蘭。是克里特島特有的植物，在希臘神話中，這花遍佈地府的平原，也被視作是亡魂的食物，所以墓碑旁常植種此花。這花也是地府皇后Persephone的聖花。

圖片來源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphodelus_ramosus

圖片來源: http://www.west-crete.com/flowers/asphodelus_ramosus.htm

A Handbook of Greek Mythology
作者：H. J. Rosep.78

31 hyacinth

hyacinth 風信子  水仙

界：     植物界 Plantae

門：     被子植物門 Magnoliophyta

綱：     單子葉植物綱 Liliopsida

目：     天門冬目 Asparagales

科：     天門冬科 Asparagoideae

屬：     風信子屬 Hyacinthus

Odyssey 6.227-231

Odysseus海上漂流多日，登上Phaecians居住之島，赤身裸體，且髒亂不堪，但經公主Naussicaa與女僕幫旁盥洗後，Odysseus又顯出如神一般容光煥發，頭髮梳洗造型，如水仙花:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D6%3Acard%3D211

ἐκ κεφαλῆς δ᾽ ἔσμηχεν ἁλὸς χνόον ἀτρυγέτοιο.

αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ πάντα λοέσσατο καὶ λίπ᾽ ἄλειψεν,

ἀμφὶ δὲ εἵματα ἕσσαθ᾽ ἅ οἱ πόρε παρθένος ἀδμής,

τὸν μὲν Ἀθηναίη θῆκεν Διὸς ἐκγεγαυῖα

μείζονά τ᾽ εἰσιδέειν καὶ πάσσονα, κὰδ δὲ κάρητος

οὔλας ἧκε κόμας, ὑακινθίνῳ ἄνθει ὁμοίας.

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey6.htm

When he’d washed himself all over and rubbed on oil,

he put on clothes the unmarried girl had given him.

Then Athena, Zeus’s daughter, made him appear

taller and stronger, and on his head she curled 

his hair—it flowed up like a flowering hyacinth.

Odyssey 23. 141-204

準備一場「假婚禮」，一方面掩人耳目，不讓周遭的人發現家裡開發生的大屠殺；另一方面，闊別二十年，Odysseus和Penelope再相逢的婚禮。  當然，Odysseus需要盥洗一番，洗去身上汙垢傷口，換上新衣，煥然一新：

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D23%3Acard%3D129

ὣς ἄρα τις εἴπεσκε, τὰ δ᾽ οὐκ ἴσαν ὡς ἐτέτυκτο.

αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσῆα μεγαλήτορα ᾧ ἐνὶ οἴκῳ

Εὐρυνόμη ταμίη λοῦσεν καὶ χρῖσεν ἐλαίῳ,

ἀμφὶ δέ μιν φᾶρος καλὸν βάλεν ἠδὲ χιτῶνα:

αὐτὰρ κὰκ κεφαλῆς κάλλος πολὺ χεῦεν Ἀθήνη

μείζονά τ᾽ εἰσιδέειν καὶ πάσσονα: κὰδ δὲ κάρητος

οὔλας ἧκε κόμας, ὑακινθίνῳ ἄνθει ὁμοίας.

ὡς δ᾽ ὅτε τις χρυσὸν περιχεύεται ἀργύρῳ ἀνὴρ

ἴδρις, ὃν Ἥφαιστος δέδαεν καὶ Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη

τέχνην παντοίην, χαρίεντα δὲ ἔργα τελείει:

ὣς μὲν τῷ περίχευε χάριν κεφαλῇ τε καὶ ὤμοις.

ἐκ δ᾽ ἀσαμίνθου βῆ δέμας ἀθανάτοισιν ὁμοῖος:

ἂψ δ᾽ αὖτις κατ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἕζετ᾽ ἐπὶ θρόνου ἔνθεν ἀνέστη,

ἀντίον ἧς ἀλόχου, καί μιν πρὸς μῦθον ἔειπε:

(Odyssey 23. 152-165)

κόμη hair of the head

ὑακίνθινος hyacinthine

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey23.htm

That’s what someone would’ve said—he’d never know

what was going on. Meanwhile, Eurynome,

the housekeeper, gave brave Odysseus a bath,

rubbed him with oil, and put a tunic on him,

a fine cloak, as well. Athena poured beauty on him,

large amounts to make him taller, more robust

to look at, and on his head she made his hair

flow in curls resembling a hyacinth in bloom.

Just as a man sets a layer of gold on silver,  

a skillful artisan whom Pallas Athena

and Hephaestus have taught all sorts of crafts,

so he produces marvelous work, that’s how Athena

poured grace onto his head and shoulders, as he came

out of his bath, looking like the immortal gods.

He sat back down in the chair from which he’d risen,

opposite his wife, and said to her:

女僕Eurynome幫Odysseus洗澡，打點，加上雅典娜大力相助，這時男主角似乎教過超完美整形手術，變得像偶像劇裡的帥哥。頭髮也經過造型設計，髮捲如盛開的風信子(水仙花)一般美麗。

    比較一下可能的髮型和風信子(水仙花)的花形:

圖片出處: http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=print_topic;f=15;t=000608

風信子的花形  

圖片來源  http://www.flowerspictures.org/flower-pictures/hyacinth_1.html

"... and from his head she made locks to flow in curls like the hyacinth flower." (Homer, Odyssey 6.230).

下面資料與圖片出處:http://www.maicar.com/GML/Hyacinthus1.html

2736: Hyacinthus dying. Les METAMORPHOSES D’OVIDE EN LATIN ET FRANÇOIS, DIVISÉES EN XV LIVRES. TRADUCTION DE Mr. PIERRE DU-RYER PARISIEN, DE L’ACADEMIE FRANÇOISE. MDCLXXVII.

維基百科資料: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E4%BF%A1%E5%AD%90%E5%B1%9E 風信子屬（學名：Hyacinthus），為風信子科中的多年生草本植物，具鱗莖。 原來屬於百合科，現在已被提升為新的風信子科的模式屬，而風信子也從原來的百合目改到新成立的天門冬目中。風信子原產於地中海和南非，學名得自希臘神話中受太陽神阿波羅寵眷、並被其所擲鐵餅誤傷而死的美少年許阿鏗托斯（Hyacinth）。 荷蘭是風信子的主要生產地，在十八世紀時風信子的栽種非常流行，在當時有記錄的品種已經超過二千個以上。風信子的花密生，總狀花序，花有香味，花色有紅色、粉紅色、藍色、白色與黃色等色系。羅馬風信子是風信子的一個變種，植株比風信子更小，花較早開，花白色或藍色。風信子通常用做庭園種植或做盆花栽培，在自然的環境下，球根在冬天休眠，於春天萌芽開花。花卉生產者常利用冷藏庫將風信子的球根儲藏在低溫下一段時間，以打破球根的休眠，使風信子提早開花，在西洋情人節或農曆新年等花卉消費量大的時候開花。