26 Olive 油橄欖
橄欖樹與西方經濟、政治、文化藝術等等等關聯太繁複了，一時記載不完，所以我這星期的筆記先畫個逗點，改日再寫。一個想法，全盤了解橄欖樹，幾乎可以掌握西方文明!
olive
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橄欖
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Olea europaea
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木犀科
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Oleaceae
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ἐλαία
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Odyssey 13.96-112
臘文版本出處: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D13%3Acard%3D93
Φόρκυνος δέ τίς ἐστι λιμήν, ἁλίοιο γέροντος,
ἐν δήμῳ Ἰθάκης: δύο δὲ προβλῆτες ἐν αὐτῷ
ἀκταὶ ἀπορρῶγες, λιμένος ποτιπεπτηυῖαι,
αἵ τ᾽ ἀνέμων σκεπόωσι δυσαήων μέγα κῦμα
ἔκτοθεν: ἔντοσθεν δέ τ᾽ ἄνευ δεσμοῖο μένουσι
νῆες ἐΰσσελμοι, ὅτ᾽ ἂν ὅρμου μέτρον ἵκωνται.
αὐτὰρ ἐπὶ κρατὸς λιμένος τανύφυλλος ἐλαίη,
ἀγχόθι δ᾽ αὐτῆς ἄντρον ἐπήρατον ἠεροειδές,
ἱρὸν νυμφάων αἱ νηϊάδες καλέονται.
ἐν δὲ κρητῆρές τε καὶ ἀμφιφορῆες ἔασιν
λάϊνοι: ἔνθα δ᾽ ἔπειτα τιθαιβώσσουσι μέλισσαι.
ἐν δ᾽ ἱστοὶ λίθεοι περιμήκεες, ἔνθα τε νύμφαι
φάρε᾽ ὑφαίνουσιν ἁλιπόρφυρα, θαῦμα ἰδέσθαι:
ἐν δ᾽ ὕδατ᾽ ἀενάοντα. δύω δέ τέ οἱ θύραι εἰσίν,
αἱ μὲν πρὸς Βορέαο καταιβαταὶ ἀνθρώποισιν,
αἱ δ᾽ αὖ πρὸς Νότου εἰσὶ θεώτεραι: οὐδέ τι κείνῃ
ἄνδρες ἐσέρχονται, ἀλλ᾽ ἀθανάτων ὁδός ἐστιν.
英文翻譯出處: http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey13.htm
Now, in that land, Phorcys, the Old Man of the
Sea,
has his harbour. Two jutting headlands at its
mouth
drop off on the seaward side, but on the other,
slope down to the cove and keep the place
protected
from huge waves whipped up by stormy winds at sea.
In there well-timbered
ships can ride without being moored,
once they reach that anchorage. An olive tree
with long pointed
leaves stands at the harbour head,
and close beside it
there's a pleasant shadowy cave,
sacred to the nymphs whom people
call the Naiads.
Mixing bowls and jars of stone are stored inside,
and bees make honey there. The cave has long
stone looms
where nymphs weave cloth with a deep sea-purple dye,
an amazing thing to see. In there,
too, are springs
which always flow.
The cave has two entrances—
one, which faces North
Wind, is the one men use
to go inside; the other one, which faces South Wind,
is divine—human beings may
not go in there,
for the pathway is confined to the
immortals.
迷迷糊糊昏睡中，到了「仙島」，海神Phorcys的港口。狂風暴雨，形勢險惡，有高大的橄欖樹，隱密的洞穴，是仙女們(Naiads)最好的居住地。處處有泉水，只有兩個入口，但一個迎北風，一個迎南風，想進去比登天還難，所以說是「神仙的地盤」。
這裡形容橄欖樹的葉子是尖頭的(τανύφυλλος with long-pointed leaves)。
橄欖@高雄鳳山園藝試驗所 朱紋杞 拍攝
奧德修斯的橄欖樹床
不過，這對夫妻近在咫尺，仍陌生無比，都還是稱對方「怪人」(δαιμόνιος)。Penelope想出一個證明眼前這位美男子是不是自己的丈夫的方式，考題就是，如何移動主臥室的那張床？知道答案的人，應該只有當初親手打造這個家，這張床的Odysseus。
這個問題是陷阱題，因為者張床是橡木打造，並精心設計過，根本無法移動。所以Odysseus果真是本尊，他的回答如下：
θάμνος ἔφυ τανύφυλλος ἐλαίης ἕρκεος ἐντός,
ἀκμηνὸς θαλέθων: πάχετος δ᾽ ἦν ἠΰτε κίων.
τῷ δ᾽ ἐγὼ ἀμφιβαλὼν θάλαμον δέμον, ὄφρ᾽ ἐτέλεσσα,
πυκνῇσιν λιθάδεσσι, καὶ εὖ καθύπερθεν ἔρεψα,
κολλητὰς δ᾽ ἐπέθηκα θύρας, πυκινῶς ἀραρυίας.
καὶ τότ᾽ ἔπειτ᾽ ἀπέκοψα κόμην τανυφύλλου ἐλαίης,
κορμὸν δ᾽ ἐκ ῥίζης προταμὼν ἀμφέξεσα χαλκῷ
εὖ καὶ ἐπισταμένως, καὶ ἐπὶ στάθμην ἴθυνα,
ἑρμῖν᾽ ἀσκήσας, τέτρηνα δὲ πάντα τερέτρῳ.
ἐκ δὲ τοῦ ἀρχόμενος λέχος ἔξεον, ὄφρ᾽ ἐτέλεσσα,
δαιδάλλων χρυσῷ τε καὶ ἀργύρῳ ἠδ᾽ ἐλέφαντι:
ἐκ δ᾽ ἐτάνυσσα ἱμάντα βοὸς φοίνικι φαεινόν.
οὕτω τοι τόδε σῆμα πιφαύσκομαι: οὐδέ τι οἶδα,
ἤ μοι ἔτ᾽ ἔμπεδόν ἐστι, γύναι, λέχος, ἦέ τις ἤδη
ἀνδρῶν ἄλλοσε θῆκε, ταμὼν ὕπο πυθμέν᾽ ἐλαίης.
(Odyssey 23.190-204)
For built into the
well-constructed bedstead
is a great symbol
which I made myself
with no one else. A long-leaved olive bush
was growing in
the yard. It was in bloom
and flourishing—it looked
like a pillar.
I built my bedroom round
this olive bush,
till I had finished it
with well-set stones.
I put a good roof over it,
then added
closely fitted jointed
doors. After that,
I cut back the foliage, by
removing
branches from the long-leaved
olive bush.
I trimmed the trunk off,
upward from the root,
cutting it skillfully and
well with bronze,
so it followed a straight
line. Once I’d made
the bedpost, I used an
augur to bore out
the entire piece. That was
how I started.
Then I carved out my bed,
till I was done.
In it I set an inlay made
of gold,
silver, and ivory, and
then across it
I stretched a bright
purple thong of ox-hide.
And that’s the symbol I
describe for you.
But, lady, I don’t know if
that bed of mine
is still in place or if
some other man
has cut that olive tree
down at its base
and set the bed up in a
different spot.
這張床是無法移動的，當然也富有以多象徵意義，從種樹到用這棵橡樹打造一張永恆不移動的床，Odysseus原來是如此用心經營自己的婚姻，自己的家。
讀到這段，我比較能理解為什麼Odysseus願意放棄神仙生活，堅持要回家的原因!
下面圖片出處: http://hometreehome.wordpress.com/2012/08/27/odysseus/
橄欖樹與古希臘
橄欖也列在《改變歷史的五十種植物》(頁140-143)，橄欖常被視作「綠色黃金」，相對無花果與葡萄，橄欖比較晚進入地中海地區，但是當人類開始種植與運用橄欖，橄欖油很快成為古希臘城邦的重要資產與經濟來源，同時，促進民主制度，又和古希臘的奧林匹亞運動會、帕德嫩神廟與藝術文化發展息息相關。
傳說橄欖樹是雅典娜送給雅典人的禮物。約西元前1200年後，邁錫尼文明漸漸式微，雅典逐漸成為希臘城邦之間的經濟與文化的中心，橄欖與橄欖油功不可沒。
橄欖樹與聖經
舊約創世紀中描述，大水過後，挪亞從方舟放出去的第二隻鴿子，啣著陸地的橄欖葉回來: “到了晚上，鴿子回到他那裏，嘴裏叼着一個新擰下來的橄欖葉子，挪亞就知道地上的水退了。”（創八：11）從此，橄欖枝被當作和平的表徵。直到現在，喜愛和平的人士，以橄欖枝為標識，宣示他們的理想；推廣和維持和平的機構，以橄欖枝為圖徽。
每次上西洋文學概論，《創世紀》都只讀前三章，彷彿永遠停在走出伊甸園那瞬間的無奈。這之後，一場場好戲登台，最有名的就是挪亞方舟的故事，《創世紀》第八章，說明聰明的挪亞怎麼證明洪水退，平安順利走出方舟。這裡，挪亞放鴿子三次，閱讀鴿子的反應，正如我推動的今天讀三次!第一次，鴿子飛出去，到處是水，無法駐足，所以返回。第二次，鴿子叼著一個新擰下來的橄欖-- there in its beak was a freshly plucked olive leaf--洪水停了，慢慢會退去。第三次，鴿子一去不回，洪水退了，可以安全出門了! 閱讀三部曲，妙義無窮。
這片青綠的嫩葉，美，好，希望的象徵! 據說歐洲的橄欖樹(Oka europaea)可以存活一千至二千五百年，頂級的橄欖油都是來自千年以上的橄欖樹。這永恆美好，就在本章的最後一節迴響不止:
“As long as the earth endures,
seedtime and harvest,
cold and heat,
summer and winter,
day and night
will never cease.”
「地還存留的時候，稼穡、寒暑、冬夏、晝夜就永不停息了。」合和本把seedtime and harvest翻譯成稼穡，但我看到的是盼望的與豐收的喜悅。
張文亮老師的文章「尚青的橄欖樹」
中東地區橄欖樹與運用等相關圖片:
Genesis 8 New International Version (NIV)
8 But God remembered Noah and all the wild animals and the livestock that were with him in the ark, and he sent a wind over the earth, and the waters receded. 2 Now the springs of the deep and the floodgates of the heavens had been closed, and the rain had stopped falling from the sky. 3 The water receded steadily from the earth. At the end of the hundred and fifty days the water had gone down, 4 and on the seventeenth day of the seventh month the ark came to rest on the mountains of Ararat. 5 The waters continued to recede until the tenth month, and on the first day of the tenth month the tops of the mountains became visible. 6 After forty days Noah opened a window he had made in the ark 7 and sent out a raven, and it kept flying back and forth until the water had dried up from the earth. 8 Then he sent out a dove to see if the water had receded from the surface of the ground. 9 But the dove could find nowhere to perch because there was water over all the surface of the earth; so it returned to Noah in the ark. He reached out his hand and took the dove and brought it back to himself in the ark. 10 He waited seven more days and again sent out the dove from the ark. 11 When the dove returned to him in the evening, there in its beak was a freshly plucked olive leaf! Then Noah knew that the water had receded from the earth. 12 He waited seven more days and sent the dove out again, but this time it did not return to him.
13 By the first day of the first month of Noah’s six hundred and first year, the water had dried up from the earth. Noah then removed the covering from the ark and saw that the surface of the ground was dry. 14 By the twenty-seventh day of the second month the earth was completely dry. 15 Then God said to Noah, 16 “Come out of the ark, you and your wife and your sons and their wives. 17 Bring out every kind of living creature that is with you—the birds, the animals, and all the creatures that move along the ground—so they can multiply on the earth and be fruitful and increase in number on it.”
18 So Noah came out, together with his sons and his wife and his sons’ wives. 19 All the animals and all the creatures that move along the ground and all the birds—everything that moves on land—came out of the ark, one kind after another. 20 Then Noah built an altar to the Lord and, taking some of all the clean animals and clean birds, he sacrificed burnt offerings on it. 21 The Lord smelled the pleasing aroma and said in his heart: “Never again will I curse the ground because of humans, even though[a] every inclination of the human heart is evil from childhood. And never again will I destroy all living creatures, as I have done.
22 “As long as the earth endures,
seedtime and harvest,
cold and heat,
summer and winter,
day and night
will never cease.”
可參考閱讀http://hippo.bse.ntu.edu.tw/~wenlian/plant/picture/ppicture-25.htm
《橄欖枝請願書》
Olive Branch Peptition
http://www.learner.org/workshops/primarysources/revolution/docs/olive.html
1775年，大陸會議向英國遞上此請願樹， 避免戰爭爆發，橄欖樹，象徵意志、和平與安定。
讀當中一頓文字
We shall
decline the ungrateful task of describing the irksome variety of artifices
practised by many of your Majestys ministers, the delusive pretences,
fruitless terrors, and unavailing severities, that have from time to time
been dealt out by them, in their attempts to execute this impolitic plan, or
of traceing thro' a series of years past the progress of the unhappy
differences between Great Britain and these colonies which have flowed from
this fatal source.
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梵谷畫的橄欖樹系列
上面圖片出處: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Trees_(Van_Gogh_series)
Artist Vincent van Gogh
Year 1889
Type Oil on canvas
Dimensions 92 cm × 72.5 cm (36.2 in × 28.5 in)
Location Museum of Modern Art (F712, JH1740) [1][2], New York, NY
上面圖片出處: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Trees_(Van_Gogh_series)
Christ
on the Mount of Olives
維基百科: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E7%8A%80%E6%A6%84
橄欖（學名：Olea europaea），又稱油橄欖，古稱齊墩、阿列布，是一種木樨科木樨欖屬常綠喬木，果實主要用於榨制橄欖油。聖經故事中曾用它的樹枝作為大地復甦的標誌，後來西方國家把它用作和平象徵。橄欖原產於東地中海盆地的沿海地區（臨近的東南歐、西亞和北非沿海地區），以及裏海南岸的伊朗北部地區。它的果實，也叫做橄欖，它是地中海地區一種主要的農作物，用來生產橄欖油。木樨科的植物種類還包括丁香、茉莉、連翹屬植物和白蠟樹屬植物。Olive來源於拉丁語的oliva,該詞又是從希臘語的elaia這個詞轉變而來，而elaia該詞最早源於邁錫尼希臘語的e-ra-wa("elaiva")。很多語言中的"oil"(油)這個詞最早就是源於這種樹和它的果實的名稱。
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下面圖片與資料出處: http://www.sabor-artesano.com/gb/olive-tree-mythology.htm
Bisotun relief (Iraq)
where Heracles appears lying on a lion's skin in the shade of an olive tree
(shown in the white square). The olive tree, being considered a sacred tree,
was often used as an offering to the Gods from the mortals.
下面圖片與資料出處: http://www.sabor-artesano.com/gb/olive-tree-mythology.htm
Panathenaic amphora of
the sixth century BC. which represents a track meet. This vessel was given to
the winners with virgin olive oil.
The central act of this
celebration was the procession that went through much of the city and
culminated in the Parthenon Temple situated in Acropolis. This procession was
immortalised in the hands of sculptor Phidias, all along the Parthenon
frieze. The objective of the procession was to extend the offering of a robe
or mantle to the goddess Athena to cover her. All members of the community
participated in the procession, including the magistrates, priests, the
winners crowned with a crown made from olive branchs, the maidens from the
most important families bearing the offerings, the elderly carrying olive
tree branches, warriors...
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