33 Pear

33 Pear西洋梨 

ὄγχνη pear-tree, Pirus communis

Kingdom:      Plantae

(unranked):   Angiosperms

(unranked):   Eudicots

(unranked):   Rosids

Order:    Rosales

Family:    Rosaceae

Genus:    Pyrus

Species:   P. communis

Odyssey 24. 205-301

下面場景轉到Odysseus走道田莊探視年邁的父親。這田莊是Laertes親手打造，旁邊還有住屋、棚舍，所以老人家可以遠離城市生活。但是，Odysseus並不打算馬上和父親相擁相認，他想看看父親是不是還認得他，所以Odysseus走進父親的果園，遠遠地看父親孤零零一人，川著骯髒的衣服，衣服全是補丁，帶著牛皮護腿，頭戴羊皮帽。站在一棵梨樹下，Odysseus望著年老的父親，不禁悲從中來，淚潸潸：

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D24%3Acard%3D232

ὣς εἰπὼν δμώεσσιν ἀρήϊα τεύχε᾽ ἔδωκεν.

οἱ μὲν ἔπειτα δόμονδε θοῶς κίον, αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσεὺς

ἆσσον ἴεν πολυκάρπου ἀλωῆς πειρητίζων.

οὐδ᾽ εὗρεν Δολίον, μέγαν ὄρχατον ἐσκαταβαίνων,

οὐδέ τινα δμώων οὐδ᾽ υἱῶν: ἀλλ᾽ ἄρα τοί γε

αἱμασιὰς λέξοντες ἀλωῆς ἔμμεναι ἕρκος

ᾤχοντ᾽, αὐτὰρ ὁ τοῖσι γέρων ὁδὸν ἡγεμόνευε.

τὸν δ᾽ οἶον πατέρ᾽ εὗρεν ἐϋκτιμένῃ ἐν ἀλωῇ,

λιστρεύοντα φυτόν: ῥυπόωντα δὲ ἕστο χιτῶνα

ῥαπτὸν ἀεικέλιον, περὶ δὲ κνήμῃσι βοείας

κνημῖδας ῥαπτὰς δέδετο, γραπτῦς ἀλεείνων,

χειρῖδάς τ᾽ ἐπὶ χερσὶ βάτων ἕνεκ᾽: αὐτὰρ ὕπερθεν

αἰγείην κυνέην κεφαλῇ ἔχε, πένθος ἀέξων.

τὸν δ᾽ ὡς οὖν ἐνόησε πολύτλας δῖος Ὀδυσσεὺς

γήραϊ τειρόμενον, μέγα δὲ φρεσὶ πένθος ἔχοντα,

στὰς ἄρ᾽ ὑπὸ βλωθρὴν ὄγχνην κατὰ δάκρυον εἶβε.

(Odyssey 24. 219-234)

γηράσκω grow old

βλωθρός tall

ὄγχνη pear-tree, Pirus communis

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey24.htm

Odysseus spoke,

then gave his battle weapons to his servants.

They quickly went inside the house. Then Odysseus,   

walking out to test his father, came up beside

the fruitful vineyard and from there continued down

to the extensive orchard, where he failed to find

Dolius or any sons of his father’s slaves.

They’d gone off to gather large rocks for the wall

around the vineyard, with the old man in the lead.

In the well-established vineyard he found his father.

He was digging round a plant, all by himself,

dressed in a filthy, shabby, patched-up tunic.

Around his legs he’d tied shin pads stitched from ox-hide

to protect himself from scratches, and on his hands  

he had on gloves, since there were thistles in that spot.

On his head he wore a goatskin hat. In these clothes

he was dealing with his grief. When lord Odysseus,

who had endured so much, saw him worn down with age

and carrying so much heavy sorrow in his heart,

he stood under a tall pear tree and shed a tear...

第244-248行會在提到Laertes的果園除了梨樹，還有無花果、葡萄、橄欖、和蔬菜等等。雖然，離家二十年的Odysseus看見這幕很感傷，但是我也看見，老年的Laertes在自己的田地與果園中，自得其樂，至少，還有體力忙著田裡的事。

下面圖片資料來源: http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Mythology/Laertes.html

以下圖片資料來源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pear

梵谷的畫

Small Pear Tree in Blossom, 1888

Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890)

• Oil on Canvas, 73 x 46 cm
• Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (Vincent van Gogh Foundation)
• F 405

32 asphodel

(ἀσφόδελος asphodel, Asphodelus ramosus) 日光蘭

Kingdom:      Plantae

Clade:     Angiosperms

Clade:     Monocots

Order:    Asparagales

Family:    Xanthorrhoeaceae

Subfamily:     Asphodeloideae

Genus:    Asphodelus

Species:   A. ramosus

《奧德賽》最後一卷，開場跳到地獄，Hermes喚醒那些追求者的亡魂:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D24%3Acard%3D1

Ἑρμῆς δὲ ψυχὰς Κυλλήνιος ἐξεκαλεῖτο

ἀνδρῶν μνηστήρων: ἔχε δὲ ῥάβδον μετὰ χερσὶν

καλὴν χρυσείην, τῇ τ᾽ ἀνδρῶν ὄμματα θέλγει

ὧν ἐθέλει, τοὺς δ᾽ αὖτε καὶ ὑπνώοντας ἐγείρει:

τῇ ῥ᾽ ἄγε κινήσας, ταὶ δὲ τρίζουσαι ἕποντο.

ὡς δ᾽ ὅτε νυκτερίδες μυχῷ ἄντρου θεσπεσίοιο

τρίζουσαι ποτέονται, ἐπεί κέ τις ἀποπέσῃσιν

ὁρμαθοῦ ἐκ πέτρης, ἀνά τ᾽ ἀλλήλῃσιν ἔχονται,

ὣς αἱ τετριγυῖαι ἅμ᾽ ἤϊσαν: ἦρχε δ᾽ ἄρα σφιν

Ἑρμείας ἀκάκητα κατ᾽ εὐρώεντα κέλευθα.

πὰρ δ᾽ ἴσαν Ὠκεανοῦ τε ῥοὰς καὶ Λευκάδα πέτρην,

ἠδὲ παρ᾽ Ἠελίοιο πύλας καὶ δῆμον ὀνείρων

ἤϊσαν: αἶψα δ᾽ ἵκοντο κατ᾽ ἀσφοδελὸν λειμῶνα,

ἔνθα τε ναίουσι ψυχαί, εἴδωλα καμόντων.

εὗρον δὲ ψυχὴν Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος

καὶ Πατροκλῆος καὶ ἀμύμονος Ἀντιλόχοιο

Αἴαντός θ᾽, ὃς ἄριστος ἔην εἶδός τε δέμας τε

τῶν ἄλλων Δαναῶν μετ᾽ ἀμύμονα Πηλεΐδαο.

ῥάβδος  rod, wand

圖片出處: http://www.greekmedicine.net/mythology/hermes.html

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey24.htm

Meanwhile Hermes of Cyllene summoned up

the spirits of the suitors. In his hand he held

the beautiful gold wand he uses to enchant

the eyes of anyone he wishes or to wake

some other man from sleep. With it he roused and led

these spirits, who kept squeaking as they followed him.

Just as inside the corners of a monstrous cave

bats flit around and squeak when one of them falls down

out of the cluster on the rock where they cling

to one another, that how these spirits squawked 

as they moved on together. Hermes the Deliverer 

conducted them along the murky passageway.1

They went past the streams of Ocean, past Leucas,

past the gates of the Sun and the land of Dreams,

and very soon came to the field of asphodel,

where spirits live, the shades of those whose work is done.

Here they found Achilles’ shade, son of Peleus,

and of Patroclus, too, noble Antilochus,

and Ajax, who had the finest form and shape

of all Danaans, after the son of Peleus, 

who had no peer.

喚醒這群追求者的鬼魂的是Hermes，他拿著他的神杖，引領他們走過地獄幽谷。帶著他們到了asphodel草地 (ἀσφόδελος asphodel, Asphodelus ramosus)。asphodel可能是長青之意，但是也是Asphodelus ramosus (如圖)，目前找到的中文翻譯是日光蘭。是克里特島特有的植物，在希臘神話中，這花遍佈地府的平原，也被視作是亡魂的食物，所以墓碑旁常植種此花。這花也是地府皇后Persephone的聖花。

圖片來源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphodelus_ramosus

圖片來源: http://www.west-crete.com/flowers/asphodelus_ramosus.htm

A Handbook of Greek Mythology
作者：H. J. Rosep.78

31 hyacinth

hyacinth 風信子  水仙

界：     植物界 Plantae

門：     被子植物門 Magnoliophyta

綱：     單子葉植物綱 Liliopsida

目：     天門冬目 Asparagales

科：     天門冬科 Asparagoideae

屬：     風信子屬 Hyacinthus

Odyssey 6.227-231

Odysseus海上漂流多日，登上Phaecians居住之島，赤身裸體，且髒亂不堪，但經公主Naussicaa與女僕幫旁盥洗後，Odysseus又顯出如神一般容光煥發，頭髮梳洗造型，如水仙花:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D6%3Acard%3D211

ἐκ κεφαλῆς δ᾽ ἔσμηχεν ἁλὸς χνόον ἀτρυγέτοιο.

αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ πάντα λοέσσατο καὶ λίπ᾽ ἄλειψεν,

ἀμφὶ δὲ εἵματα ἕσσαθ᾽ ἅ οἱ πόρε παρθένος ἀδμής,

τὸν μὲν Ἀθηναίη θῆκεν Διὸς ἐκγεγαυῖα

μείζονά τ᾽ εἰσιδέειν καὶ πάσσονα, κὰδ δὲ κάρητος

οὔλας ἧκε κόμας, ὑακινθίνῳ ἄνθει ὁμοίας.

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey6.htm

When he’d washed himself all over and rubbed on oil,

he put on clothes the unmarried girl had given him.

Then Athena, Zeus’s daughter, made him appear

taller and stronger, and on his head she curled 

his hair—it flowed up like a flowering hyacinth.

Odyssey 23. 141-204

準備一場「假婚禮」，一方面掩人耳目，不讓周遭的人發現家裡開發生的大屠殺；另一方面，闊別二十年，Odysseus和Penelope再相逢的婚禮。  當然，Odysseus需要盥洗一番，洗去身上汙垢傷口，換上新衣，煥然一新：

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D23%3Acard%3D129

ὣς ἄρα τις εἴπεσκε, τὰ δ᾽ οὐκ ἴσαν ὡς ἐτέτυκτο.

αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσῆα μεγαλήτορα ᾧ ἐνὶ οἴκῳ

Εὐρυνόμη ταμίη λοῦσεν καὶ χρῖσεν ἐλαίῳ,

ἀμφὶ δέ μιν φᾶρος καλὸν βάλεν ἠδὲ χιτῶνα:

αὐτὰρ κὰκ κεφαλῆς κάλλος πολὺ χεῦεν Ἀθήνη

μείζονά τ᾽ εἰσιδέειν καὶ πάσσονα: κὰδ δὲ κάρητος

οὔλας ἧκε κόμας, ὑακινθίνῳ ἄνθει ὁμοίας.

ὡς δ᾽ ὅτε τις χρυσὸν περιχεύεται ἀργύρῳ ἀνὴρ

ἴδρις, ὃν Ἥφαιστος δέδαεν καὶ Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη

τέχνην παντοίην, χαρίεντα δὲ ἔργα τελείει:

ὣς μὲν τῷ περίχευε χάριν κεφαλῇ τε καὶ ὤμοις.

ἐκ δ᾽ ἀσαμίνθου βῆ δέμας ἀθανάτοισιν ὁμοῖος:

ἂψ δ᾽ αὖτις κατ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἕζετ᾽ ἐπὶ θρόνου ἔνθεν ἀνέστη,

ἀντίον ἧς ἀλόχου, καί μιν πρὸς μῦθον ἔειπε:

(Odyssey 23. 152-165)

κόμη hair of the head

ὑακίνθινος hyacinthine

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey23.htm

That’s what someone would’ve said—he’d never know

what was going on. Meanwhile, Eurynome,

the housekeeper, gave brave Odysseus a bath,

rubbed him with oil, and put a tunic on him,

a fine cloak, as well. Athena poured beauty on him,

large amounts to make him taller, more robust

to look at, and on his head she made his hair

flow in curls resembling a hyacinth in bloom.

Just as a man sets a layer of gold on silver,  

a skillful artisan whom Pallas Athena

and Hephaestus have taught all sorts of crafts,

so he produces marvelous work, that’s how Athena

poured grace onto his head and shoulders, as he came

out of his bath, looking like the immortal gods.

He sat back down in the chair from which he’d risen,

opposite his wife, and said to her:

女僕Eurynome幫Odysseus洗澡，打點，加上雅典娜大力相助，這時男主角似乎教過超完美整形手術，變得像偶像劇裡的帥哥。頭髮也經過造型設計，髮捲如盛開的風信子(水仙花)一般美麗。

    比較一下可能的髮型和風信子(水仙花)的花形:

圖片出處: http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=print_topic;f=15;t=000608

風信子的花形  

圖片來源  http://www.flowerspictures.org/flower-pictures/hyacinth_1.html

"... and from his head she made locks to flow in curls like the hyacinth flower." (Homer, Odyssey 6.230).

下面資料與圖片出處:http://www.maicar.com/GML/Hyacinthus1.html

2736: Hyacinthus dying. Les METAMORPHOSES D’OVIDE EN LATIN ET FRANÇOIS, DIVISÉES EN XV LIVRES. TRADUCTION DE Mr. PIERRE DU-RYER PARISIEN, DE L’ACADEMIE FRANÇOISE. MDCLXXVII.

維基百科資料: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E4%BF%A1%E5%AD%90%E5%B1%9E 風信子屬（學名：Hyacinthus），為風信子科中的多年生草本植物，具鱗莖。 原來屬於百合科，現在已被提升為新的風信子科的模式屬，而風信子也從原來的百合目改到新成立的天門冬目中。風信子原產於地中海和南非，學名得自希臘神話中受太陽神阿波羅寵眷、並被其所擲鐵餅誤傷而死的美少年許阿鏗托斯（Hyacinth）。 荷蘭是風信子的主要生產地，在十八世紀時風信子的栽種非常流行，在當時有記錄的品種已經超過二千個以上。風信子的花密生，總狀花序，花有香味，花色有紅色、粉紅色、藍色、白色與黃色等色系。羅馬風信子是風信子的一個變種，植株比風信子更小，花較早開，花白色或藍色。風信子通常用做庭園種植或做盆花栽培，在自然的環境下，球根在冬天休眠，於春天萌芽開花。花卉生產者常利用冷藏庫將風信子的球根儲藏在低溫下一段時間，以打破球根的休眠，使風信子提早開花，在西洋情人節或農曆新年等花卉消費量大的時候開花。

30 papyrus

βύβλος 

the Egyptian papyrus, 

Cyperus Papyrus

Kingdom:    Plantae (unranked):  Angiosperms (unranked):  Monocots (unranked):  Commelinids Order:   Poales Family:  Cyperaceae Genus:  Cyperus Species: C. papyrus

Bk XXI:359-403 Odysseus receives the bow

 第二十一卷結束，是大家熟知的一幕：真正的主人Odysseus一出手，弓拉開了，而且，過真一箭穿過12個鐵斧的心。每每大家看影片到這幕，都嘖嘖稱奇，真是太神奇了。只是，總覺得《奧德賽》最後幾卷真是拖拖拉拉，速度太慢，讀到這兒，很多趣味都跑掉了。

我並不特別欣賞Odysseus在這兒的表現，反倒是兩個僕人的幫忙，更吸引人。第一個是豬倌出來拿彎弓，還被眾聲喧嘩嚇一跳，馬上把彎弓放在地上。此刻，Telemachus大聲威脅他，他才又拿起。這一幕，顯出豬倌在這家裏的為難處境，還有Telemachus對待僕人的態度欠佳。

第二個出場僕人是 Philoetius，他按照Odysseus的吩咐，把所有可以逃亡的大門都關起來，更重要的是，他還用綁船的繩纜繫緊門。這種繩纜應該是靠海維生的人家常見的設備，這裡特別強調這繩纜適用紙莎草編成的。一般人都知道古埃及用紙莎草製作紙張，所以有一些莎草紙古籍， 在這個出處，我們看到古代紙莎草的多功能用途。

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D21%3Acard%3D354

σιγῇ δ᾽ ἐξ οἴκοιο Φιλοίτιος ἆλτο θύραζε,

κλήϊσεν δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἔπειτα θύρας εὐερκέος αὐλῆς.

κεῖτο δ᾽ ὑπ᾽ αἰθούσῃ ὅπλον νεὸς ἀμφιελίσσης

βύβλινον, ᾧ ῥ᾽ ἐπέδησε θύρας, ἐς δ᾽ ἤϊεν αὐτός:

ἕζετ᾽ ἔπειτ᾽ ἐπὶ δίφρον ἰών, ἔνθεν περ ἀνέστη,

εἰσορόων Ὀδυσῆα. ὁ δ᾽ ἤδη τόξον ἐνώμα

πάντη ἀναστρωφῶν, πειρώμενος ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα,

μὴ κέρα ἶπες ἔδοιεν ἀποιχομένοιο ἄνακτος.

(Odyssey 21. 388-95)

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/homer/odyssey21.htm

And Philoetius, without a word, slipped outside

and locked the courtyard gates inside the sturdy walls.

A cable from a curved ship was lying there,  

under the portico, made of papyrus fibres.

With that he lashed the gates, then went inside,

sat down again on the seat where he’d got up,

and observed Odysseus, who already had the bow.

He was turning it this way and that, testing it

in different ways to see if, while its lord was gone,  

worms had nibbled on the horns.

紙莎草是古埃及相當常見的草類，主要生長於尼羅河畔。長得像蘆葦，高度約2-4公尺。缺少樹木的古埃及人用它來代替木材製作小船、風帆，另外還能做成簍子、鞋子、細繩等。但紙莎草最大的用途其實是製紙，用紙莎草所製成的紙輕、品質也好，是古埃及人的必需品。不過由於開採過度，現在已不容易找到了。上面資料出處: http://kids.tpml.edu.tw/sp.asp?xdurl=DR/library03_1.asp&id=4062&mp=100

古埃及人使用紙莎草的用途有很多。其中，最有名的應該是莎草紙的製作。在希臘文和英文中，「莎草紙」這個字的語源被許多人認為是來自於古埃及語，但這是謬傳。紙莎草現在被廣泛的運用於製作裝飾品，例如莎草紙畫。在古代，紙莎草在尼羅河三角洲有著相當廣泛的分布，然而現在它在尼羅河三角洲的原生種群卻瀕臨絕滅。在泰奧弗拉斯托斯的《植物史》（Historia Plantarum，卷十）一書中寫到紙莎草在敘利亞也有分布。而根據老普林尼的《博物志》一書，紙莎草是尼羅河及幼發拉底河流域的原生植物。此外，古埃及人利用多種莎草科的植物的花來製作敬神的花圈。而嫩枝則被當作食物。它多纖維的地下莖則用來製作碗等多種器具，有時也當作燃料。而莖則用來編製葦舟（在埃及第四王朝的浮雕中，描繪了壯年男子採集莎草製作葦舟的情形)，類似的船在蘇丹也能發現。上面資料與圖片出自維基百科。