榆樹 elm
πτελέα
Ulmus glabra
Iliad 6.407-28
ἔν τ᾽ ἄρα οἱ φῦ
χειρὶ ἔπος τ᾽ ἔφατ᾽ ἔκ τ᾽ ὀνόμαζε:
δαιμόνιε φθίσει
σε τὸ σὸν μένος, οὐδ᾽ ἐλεαίρεις
παῖδά τε
νηπίαχον καὶ ἔμ᾽ ἄμμορον, ἣ τάχα χήρη
σεῦ ἔσομαι:
τάχα γάρ σε κατακτανέουσιν Ἀχαιοὶ
πάντες ἐφορμηθέντες:
ἐμοὶ δέ κε κέρδιον εἴη
σεῦ ἀφαμαρτούσῃ
χθόνα δύμεναι: οὐ γὰρ ἔτ᾽ ἄλλη
ἔσται θαλπωρὴ ἐπεὶ
ἂν σύ γε πότμον ἐπίσπῃς
ἀλλ᾽ ἄχε᾽: οὐδέ
μοι ἔστι πατὴρ καὶ πότνια μήτηρ
‘‘ ἤτοι γὰρ
πατέρ᾽ ἁμὸν ἀπέκτανε δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς,
ἐκ δὲ πόλιν
πέρσεν Κιλίκων εὖ ναιετάουσαν
Θήβην ὑψίπυλον:
κατὰ δ᾽ ἔκτανεν Ἠετίωνα,
οὐδέ μιν ἐξενάριξε,
σεβάσσατο γὰρ τό γε θυμῷ,
ἀλλ᾽ ἄρα μιν
κατέκηε σὺν ἔντεσι δαιδαλέοισιν
ἠδ᾽ ἐπὶ σῆμ᾽ ἔχεεν:
περὶ δὲ πτελέας ἐφύτευσαν
νύμφαι ὀρεστιάδες
κοῦραι Διὸς αἰγιόχοιο.
οἳ δέ μοι ἑπτὰ
κασίγνητοι ἔσαν ἐν μεγάροισιν
οἳ μὲν πάντες ἰῷ
κίον ἤματι Ἄϊδος εἴσω:
πάντας γὰρ
κατέπεφνε ποδάρκης δῖος Ἀχιλλεὺς
βουσὶν ἐπ᾽ εἰλιπόδεσσι
καὶ ἀργεννῇς ὀΐεσσι.
μητέρα δ᾽, ἣ
βασίλευεν ὑπὸ Πλάκῳ ὑληέσσῃ,
τὴν ἐπεὶ ἂρ δεῦρ᾽
ἤγαγ᾽ ἅμ᾽ ἄλλοισι κτεάτεσσιν,
ἂψ ὅ γε τὴν ἀπέλυσε
λαβὼν ἀπερείσι᾽ ἄποινα,
πατρὸς δ᾽ ἐν
μεγάροισι βάλ᾽ Ἄρτεμις ἰοχέαιρα.
But Andromache came to his side weeping, and
clasped his hand and clasped his hand and spoke to him, saying: "Ah, my
husband, this
might of yours will be your doom, and you have no pity for your
infant child or for unfortunate me, who soon will be your widow; for soon will the
Achaeans all set on you and slay you. But for me it would be better to go down
to the grave if I lose you, for never more will any comfort be mine, when
you have met your fate, but only woes. Neither father have I nor queenly
mother. My father noble Achilles slew, and utterly laid waste the well-peopled
city of the Cilicians, Thebes of the lofty gates. He slew Eetion,
but he stripped him not of his armor, for he shrank from doing that; but he
burn him in his elaborate
armor, and heaped over him a mound; and all about were elm trees planted by nymphs of the mountain,
daughters of Zeus who bears the aegis. And the seven brothers of mine in our
halls, all these on the very same day enter into the house of Hades, for all
were slain by swift-footed, noble Achilles, among their cattle of shambling gait and
their white-fleeced sheep. And my mother, who was queen beneath
wooded Placus, her brought he here with the rest of the booty, but he set her
free again, when he had taken ransom past counting; and in her father's halls
Artemis the archer slew her.
l Hector的太太Andromache孤苦伶仃的一生，父親與兄弟都死於Achilles之手，所以，當她對先生說「你的勇武會害了你」(this might of yours will
be your doom)，語重心長，憂傷與悲情滾滾來，面對親人一一離去，我覺得Andromache的生存的勇氣更令人佩服。
l πέρθω: waste, ravage, sack
l ναιετάω: dwell
l the well-peopled city of the Cilicians指安居樂業的一個城邦。
l ὑψίπυλος: with high gates.
l Andromache的父親Eetion。
l Achilles殺死Eetion，因為尊敬他，並沒有奪走他的銅甲，Eetion身著軍戎，火化成灰，Achilles還在榆樹群中為他堆起墳塚。傳說這些榆樹是宙斯的女兒們-----就是山林女神們-----親自栽種。
l 榆樹 (elm, ) 在Iliad 21.242,350會再提到。
ELM TREE, WYCH
http://www.theoi.com/Flora1.html
Greek : Ptelea
Species : Ulmus glabra
Description : A deciduous tree which grows to a height of up to 40 metres. It has large oval leaves.
Sacred to : Dionysos (elm and plane saplings were used for the trellacing of vines) ; Haides (the tree was associated with graves of the dead)
Myth 1 : Tree of Dreams. The Oneiroi, spirits of dreams, roosted on the branches an elm tree near the entrance of Haides. (Source: Virgil)
Myth 2 : Barrow of Eetion. The Nymphs planted elms on the barrow of Eetion, the king of Trojan Thebes, who was slain by Akhilleus. (Source: Homer)
Myth 3 : Metamorphosis Hesperides. When Orpheus and the Argonauts encountered the Hesperides in their garden, the three nymphs transformed themselves into trees: Erytheia became an elm (ptelea), Hesperiea poplar (aigeiros), and Aigle a willow tree (itea). (Source: Apollonius Rhodius)
Myth 4 : Hamadryas Ptelea. The Hamadryad nymph of the elm tree. (Source: Athenaeus)
ELM TREE, WYCH
http://www.theoi.com/Flora1.html
Greek : Ptelea
Species : Ulmus glabra
Description : A deciduous tree which grows to a height of up to 40 metres. It has large oval leaves.
Sacred to : Dionysos (elm and plane saplings were used for the trellacing of vines) ; Haides (the tree was associated with graves of the dead)
Myth 1 : Tree of Dreams. The Oneiroi, spirits of dreams, roosted on the branches an elm tree near the entrance of Haides. (Source: Virgil)
Myth 2 : Barrow of Eetion. The Nymphs planted elms on the barrow of Eetion, the king of Trojan Thebes, who was slain by Akhilleus. (Source: Homer)
Myth 3 : Metamorphosis Hesperides. When Orpheus and the Argonauts encountered the Hesperides in their garden, the three nymphs transformed themselves into trees: Erytheia became an elm (ptelea), Hesperiea poplar (aigeiros), and Aigle a willow tree (itea). (Source: Apollonius Rhodius)
Myth 4 : Hamadryas Ptelea. The Hamadryad nymph of the elm tree. (Source: Athenaeus)
l 榆樹，又稱作女巫榆(Witch Elm)，A Eurasian elm (Ulmus glabra) often planted as a
shade tree.
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Ulmus glabra, the Wych elm or Scots elm, has the widest range of the
European elm species, from Ireland eastwards to the Urals, and from the
Arctic Circle south to the mountains of the Peloponnese in Greece; it is also
found in Iran. A large, deciduous tree, it is essentially a montane species,
growing at elevations <1500 m, preferring sites with moist soils and high
humidity.
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榆樹，喬本的一種，雙子葉植物中屬榆科，主要在北半球的溫帶地區生長。一般高約25米，樹皮粗糙。具高度實用、葯用及食用價值。
榆樹的葉呈橢圓形或橢圓狀波針形，葉長2-8厘米、寬1.5-2.5厘米，兩面葉面無毛，或背面脈腋有毛。葉側脈有9-16對，葉緣有單鋸齒，很少有重鋸齒。葉柄長約2-10毫米。
榆樹在早春發葉前先開花，花呈簇狀生成聚傘花序，花被鐘形，開4-5花瓣，每朵花有雄蕊約4-5條。翅果近圓形或寬倒卵形，長約1.3-1.5厘米，果皮表面無毛，頂端凹缺。內藏種子，近翅果中部，很少接近凹缺處；果柄長約2毫米。
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潘富俊。《中國文學植物學》。台北：貓頭鷹出版， 2011年。
潘富俊。《詩經植物圖鑑》。台北：貓頭鷹出版， 2010年。
